scholarly journals Simulating switchgrass aboveground biomass and production costs in eastern Canada with the Integrated Farm System Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-800
Author(s):  
Marc Duchemin ◽  
Guillaume Jégo ◽  
René Morissette
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
System Model ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a herbaceous perennial grass that can be used as bedding for livestock, planted in buffer strips, and used as biofuel, but it is still not widely grown in eastern Canada. The objectives of this study were to verify the performance of the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) in simulating switchgrass growth and to estimate its yield potential and production costs in eastern Canada. The performance of IFSM was assessed with dry matter (DM) yield of switchgrass (‘Cave-in-Rock’) measured over three growing seasons (2015–2017) in southern Quebec, Canada. The model performed reasonably well, with normalized root mean square errors of 19.5% for calibration and 27.9% for validation. Simulation results of potential yield and economic management over the long term (1986–2015) for five switchgrass production sites in eastern Canada indicated that average DM yields in Quebec City and Fredericton (9.6 and 9.7 t ha−1, respectively) were significantly lower than average DM yields in Saint-Hubert, Ottawa, and London (10.8, 10.4, and 11.0 t ha−1, respectively). Average annual production costs per tonne of DM for the spring harvest were higher at low-yield sites (CAD$66.67 and $64.50 for Fredericton and Quebec City, respectively) than at high-yield sites ($60.10, $62.82, and $60.08 for Saint-Hubert, Ottawa, and London, respectively). The IFSM-estimated production costs were within the range of the calculated values reported in other agro-economic analyses conducted in Ontario and Quebec.

scholarly journals Screening for Drought Tolerance in Thirty Three Taro Cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
José F.T. GANANÇA ◽  
José G.R. FREITAS ◽  
Humberto G.M. NÓBREGA ◽  
Vanessa RODRIGUES ◽  
Gonçalo ANTUNES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Local Cultivars ◽  
Drought Avoidance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Long Duration

Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is a root crop which is an important staple food in many regions of the world, producing 10.5 million tonnes on 1.4 million hectares a year. The crop is cultivated in wet (rain fed) or irrigated conditions, requiring on average 2,500 mm water per year, and in many countries it is cultivated in flooded plots. It is estimated that taro production could decrease by 40% as a result of the increase in drought and other severe events. In this work, thirty three accessions, including local cultivars, selected and hybrid lines were submitted to long duration drought stress and screened for tolerance. Twelve physiological, morphological and agronomic traits were measured at harvest, and subject to multivariate analysis. Stress indices, Water Use Efficiency and Factorial Analysis were useful for discriminating accessions regarding drought tolerance and yield stability, and drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars were identified. Our results confirm that different taro cultivars have different drought avoidance and tolerance strategies to cope with water scarcity. Better yield performers minimised biomass and canopy loss, while tolerance was observed in cultivars that presented low potential yield, but efficiently transferred resources to enhance corm formation. Among the 33 accessions, two local cultivars showed high yield stability and could be considered as suitable parents for breeding programs, while two others are well adapted to drought, but with overall low yield potential.

Yield Potential and Stratified Growth Analysis of an Indeterminate Climbing Pole Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Mexico

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fanjul ◽  
J. Kohashi-Shibata ◽  
E. Hernandez-Xolocotzi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bean Cultivar ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Major Factors

SUMMARYThe yield potential of a highly productive non-commercial Type IV bean cultivar was determined under optimum field conditions, grown in monoculture at 1 plant/m2 on trellises 3 m high. Canopy growth was analysed by dividing the stand into 25 cm horizontal strata. The main components of yield were number of inflorescences and number of pods per stratum. Daily yield for the growing period was 4.9 g dry weight/m2. Although a high yield per plant was recorded (823 g/plant) drop of young pods and seed abortion were the major factors reducing the potential yield.

scholarly journals Practices and constraints of tomato production among smallholder farmers in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17560-17580
Author(s):  
G Ddamulira ◽  
◽  
O Isaac ◽  
M Kiryowa ◽  
R Akullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
On Farm

Tomato(Solanum esculentum)is one of the most promising vegetables whose production is being intensified in Uganda. However, tomato yields remain low due to several constraints. The study aimed at identifying production and marketing practices, and constraints affecting tomato productivity in major tomato growing areas of Uganda. A survey was conducted in eight major tomato producing districts using a questionnaire to guide interviews for 240 farmers and 16 key informants. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results revealed that tomato production in Uganda is dominated by males who grow them on 0.68 acres of land on average. Mosttomatofarmers (78.4%) use mono cropping system with varietiesAsilla F1 (35.3%), Tengeru97(21.1%), Rambo (18.1%), NovelaF1(17.7%) and Riogrande (10.3%) dominating. The choice of tomato varieties used by farmers mainly depend on yield potential, pest and disease tolerance and market preference attributes such as long shelf life. In the study area, tomato is mainly fertilized using foliar fertilizers, followed by Diammonium phosphate and cattle manure. The key pests affecting tomato include caterpillars, thrips, worms and whitefly, while bacterial wilt, blight, leaf spots and viral infections are the major diseases. Majority (95.7%) of farmers use chemical sprays(pesticides and fungicides)and 4.3% of farmers used other control methods. The other methods of pest and disease control included rogueing, hand picking, ash, organic extracts, urine and frequent weeding. Average tomato yield was 4,846.3 kg/acre lower than the potential yield of 6000kg/acre. Thirty five percent of farmers market their tomato individually on-farm, 32.8% sell in rural markets, while 32.2% send to the nearest urban markets. The study revealed intensive chemical use accounting for 20% of the production costs, high seed costs (11%) and drought (10%) as the major production constraints impeding tomato production; and price fluctuations, low prices, high transport costs, post-harvest loss on farm, and poor market access as the major marketing constraints. The research findings will aid in the development of new market-oriented, highly productive tomato varieties with improved access to seed and designing initiatives to address production and marketing constraints, which will eventually enhance tomato production.

scholarly journals Performance of Sorghum Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) developed for rain-fed areas of Sudan

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-406
Author(s):  
El Hassan ◽  
Yasir Gamar ◽  
Ibrahim Elzein ◽  
Asma Ali ◽  
Tareg Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Wide Range

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) is the most widely produced and consumed cereal crop in Sudan. However, productivity is low since the crop is produced in favorable and unfavorable environments where the crop suffers from drought stresses at different growth stages. In the present study, six sorghum inbred lines developed by local breeding program and two commercial checks were evaluated for grain yield potential, yield stability, some important agronomic characters and grain quality properties. Series variety trials were conducted at Elobeid and Suki, Damazin areas of Sudan, during three consecutive rainy seasons. The selected locations represent low, medium and high rainfall areas of Sudan. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that mean squares of genotypes, seasons, locations, location x season, location x genotypes, season x genotypes and season x location x genotype interactions were highly significant (P=0.01) for grain yield. The sorghum genotypes Edo 34-23-4, Edo 26-18 and Edo 16-dwarf produced substantially higher grain yields than commercial checks and the trial mean. Their percentage yield increase ranged from 5% to 75% over commercial checks. The stability analysis revealed that the above mentioned Edo-genotypes had high yield potentials and were stable across a wide range of agricultural conditions. Moreover, the same Edo-lines showed early maturing compared to selected commercial checks and also the Edo-lines possessed good food grains and were market preferred and acceptable for making quality kisra (fermented sorghum pancake-like flatbread). The Edo developed lines also possess the acceptable grain quality in addition to moderate physical grain characteristics such as protein content, fat acidity and moisture content.

scholarly journals STRESS TOLERANCE INDEX- A NEW INDICATOR OF TOLERANCE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 626d-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C.J. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Data

Selection criteria for identifying genotypes with high stress tolerance and high yielding potentials were compared using a moderately stressed, (Stress intensity, [1-(mean stress yield (Yp̄)/mean potential yield (Ys̄)] 0.73) and a severely stressed (Stress intensity, 0.24) mungbean yield data sets. Selection based on tolerance (T), difference between potential yield (Yp) and the yield in stress environment (Ys) favored genotypes with tolerance and low yield potentials. Selection based on the mean productivity (MP), [MP=(Yp+Ys)/2] favored the genotypes with high yielding potential. The Stress Susceptibility Index (S), (S = [(Yp-Ys)/Yp]/[(Yp̄-Ys̄)/Yp̄], also favored the low yielding and stress tolerant genotypes. These selection criteria failed to identify genotypes with high yielding and stress tolerance potentials. Thus, a selection criterion, Stress Tolerance Index (STI) is proposed here which identifies genotypes with high yield and stress tolerance potentials. The STI takes into account both stress tolerance and yield potentials. The STI is estimated as: [Yp/Yp̄][1-(T/Yp̄)]. The higher the value of STI for a genotype in a given stressed environment, the higher was its stress tolerance and yield potential. The interrelationships between these stress tolerance criteria are discussed by a biplot display.

Research on hybrid poplars and willow species for fast-growing tree plantations: Its importance for growth and yield, silviculture, policy-making and commercial applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Larocque ◽  
A. DesRochers ◽  
M. Larchevêque ◽  
F. Tremblay ◽  
J. Beaulieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Commercial Applications

There is a growing interest in fast-growing hybrid poplar and willow plantations in Canada. This interest can be explained both by the rapid growth rate and high yield potential of this type of production system. However, their establishment and maintenance require considerable investments. Research efforts on productivity comparisons between different clones or species, breeding, physiology, nutrition, silviculture, pest management, harvesting methods, social and economic issues and industrial transformation contribute to maximizing fibre production and minimizing production costs. The objective of this paper is to briefly describe a number of current or recently completed research studies on fast-growing hybrid poplar and willow plantations and to discuss their utility and impacts for practical applications.

Using the CSM–CERES–Maize model to assess the gap between actual and potential yields of grain maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. JING ◽  
J. SHANG ◽  
T. HUFFMAN ◽  
B. QIAN ◽  
E. PATTEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Actual Yield ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYMaize in Canada is grown mainly in the south-eastern part of the country. No comprehensive studies on Canadian maize yield levels have been done so far to analyse the barriers of obtaining optimal yields associated with cultivar, environmental stress and agronomic management practices. The objective of the current study was to use a modelling approach to analyse the gaps between actual and potential (determined by cultivar, solar radiation and temperature without any other stresses) maize yields in Eastern Canada. The CSM–CERES–Maize model in DSSAT v4·6 was calibrated and evaluated with measured data of seven cultivars under different nitrogen (N) rates across four sites. The model was then used to simulate grain yield levels defined as: yield potential (YP), water-limited (YW, rainfed), and water- and N-limited yields with N rates 80 kg/ha (YW, N-80N) and 160 kg/ha (YW, N-160N). The options were assessed to further increase grain yield by analysing the yield gaps related to water and N deficiencies. The CSM–CERES–Maize model simulated the grain yields in the experiments well with normalized root-mean-squared errors <0·20. The model was able to capture yield variations associated with varying N rates, cultivar, soil type and inter-annual climate variability. The seven calibrated cultivars used in the experiments were divided into three grades according to their simulated YP: low, medium and high. The simulation results for the 30-year period from 1981 to 2010 showed that the average YPwas 15 000 kg/ha for cultivars with high yield potential. The YPis generally about 6000 kg/ha greater than the actual yield (YA) at each experimental site in Eastern Canada. Two-thirds of this gap between YPand YAis probably associated with water stress, as a gap of approximately 4000 kg/ha between the YWand the YPwas simulated. This gap may be reduced through crop management, such as introducing irrigation to improve the distribution of available water during the growing season. The simulated yields indicated a gap of about 3000 and 1000 kg/ha between YWand YW,N-80N for cultivars with high YPand low YP, respectively. The gap between YWand YW,N-160N decreased to <2000 kg/ha for high Ypcultivars with little difference for the low Ypcultivars. The different yield gaps among cultivars suggest that cultivars with high YPrequire high N rates but cultivars with low YPmay need only low N rates.

RELATIVE ADVANTAGE OF HIGH YIELD POTENTIAL AT LOW-YIELDING ENVIRONMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL MAIZE HYBRIDS CROPPED IN ARGENTINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-706
Author(s):  
MARIANA ANTONIETTA ◽  
JUAN J. GUIAMET
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Better Than ◽  
High Yield Potential

SUMMARYAn extended assumption in maize breeding is that potential yield (Ymax) predicts yield (Y) under stress conditions (here, Ymin), justifying genotypic selection under moderately high-yielding environments. Moreover, it has been postulated that Y tolerance to stress is relatively independent on the main stress factor involved in Y reduction (cross-tolerance). We carried out an analysis of four datasets from Argentine Federated Farmers network (2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13, 11 locations and >20 hybrids) and the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) (12 locations, 13 hybrids). No consistent relation was detected between Ymax and Ymin (r2 < 0.14) in each dataset. Y stability assessed by the coefficient of variation positively related to Ymin (r2 > 0.68 across datasets) but not to Ymax. Depending on the dataset, 40–70% of the hybrids had a varying Y performance (from worse to better) compared with the average of all hybrids, with no consistent advantage of hybrids with high Ymax within the environmental range explored in the dataset. In order to assess the existence of cross-tolerance, INTA environments were divided into two groups: water-limited environments and environments exposed to other(s) type(s) of stress. While a relation was found between average yields (r2 = 0.64) of each hybrid in both environments, there was no relation for Y stability (r2 = 0.07). Taken together, our results suggest that: (i) a high Ymax is not a good indicator of high Y tolerance under stressful conditions; (ii) Y tolerance is related to high Y stability, which may or may not involve a Y penalty under high-yielding environments; (iii) around 50% of the genotypes have Y performance that is not consistently worse or better than the average throughout the range of environments explored and (iv) cross-tolerance to stress is a peculiar trait of some hybrids, but most of the hybrids analysed here do not show cross-tolerance.

Crop production in the high rainfall zones of southern Australia — potential, constraints and opportunities

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
N. C. Turner ◽  
M. L. Poole ◽  
N. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Large Yield

Annual cropping has been expanding in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia. The higher rainfall and longer growing season compared with the traditional wheatbelt contribute to a much higher yield potential for major crops. Potential yields range from 5 to 8 t/ha for wheat and 3 to 5 t/ha for canola, although current crop yields are only about 50% of those potentials. The large yield gap between current and potential yields suggests that there is an opportunity to lift current yields. Both genetic constraints and subsoil constraints such as waterlogging, soil acidity, sodicity, and high soil strength contribute to the low yields. Waterlogging is a widespread hidden constraint to crop production in the region. Controlling waterlogging using a combination of raised beds and surface or subsurface drains is the first step to raise the productivity of the land. Increasing root growth into the subsoil remains a key to accessing more water and nutrients for high yield through early planting, deep ripping, liming and use of primer crops to ameliorate the subsoil. In order to realise the high yield potential, it is essential to achieve higher optimum dry matter at anthesis and high ear number through agronomic management, including early sowing with appropriate cultivars, a high seeding rate and application of adequate nitrogen along with other nutrients. Current cultivars of spring wheat may not fully utilise the available growing season and may have genetic limitations in sink capacity that constrain potential yield. Breeding or identification of long-season milling wheat cultivars that can fully utilise the longer growing season and with the ability to tolerate waterlogging and subsoil acidity, and with disease resistance, will give additional benefits. It is concluded that improving crop production in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia will require attention to overcoming soil constraints, particularly waterlogging, and the development of longer-season cultivars.

scholarly journals Performance of elite genotypes of barley, chickpea, lentil, and wheat under conservation agriculture in Mediterranean rainfed conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-143
Author(s):  
Mina Devkota ◽  
S. B. Patil ◽  
Shiv Kumar ◽  
Zakaria Kehel ◽  
Jacques Wery
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Genotype Interaction ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) practices are becoming more important in Mediterranean rainfed areas due to their potential to minimize climatic risk, reduce soil erosion, and improve soil quality and water availability. Due to minimum soil disturbance and crop residue retention, the soil environment for crop growth and development can differ between CA and conventional tillage (CT) practice. However, breeding targets for improving yield performance in CA system remain poorly explored. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of elite genotypes of barley, chickpea, lentil, and wheat grown under CA, a promising alternative agricultural practice in the Mediterranean rainfed conditions. A three-year field study, with contrasting rainfall pattern, was conducted in the International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas’s research field in Morocco to evaluate the tillage × genotype interaction and its consequence for yield performance of barley, chickpea, lentil, and wheat. Thirteen elite genotypes for each crop were planted under both CA and CT systems. Wheat and chickpea produced significantly higher grain yield (+62% for wheat and +43% for chickpea) under CA than in CT, while lentil and barley performed equally under both systems. Significant effect of tillage × genotype was more frequent for chickpea and wheat than for barley and lentil. Increased yield under CA, mainly in dry year, was associated with higher harvest index (HI). For each crop species yield was mainly influenced by rainfall amount and distribution (75–88% yield variation), and tillage × genotype was of little importance. The overall results suggest that a specific breeding program for CA in lentil, chickpea, wheat, and barley may not be efficient. Few tillage × genotype interaction, especially in dry years, indicated that breeding target on increasing HI, tolerance to drought (high yield in dry years), and potential yield (high yield in wet year) can help to improve yield performance of chickpea, lentil, and wheat genotypes in CA system. Varieties with wider adaptability considering drought tolerance, higher yield with stability, and adoption of CA practices are important in the context of the Mediterranean rainfed environment. Integrating trade-off analysis between yield potential and stability in a rainfall gradient in both CT and CA in the national certification scheme of varieties may be more efficient than developing breeding programs for each type of tillage system.

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