THE USE OF WATER BY WHEAT PLANTS WHEN INOCULATED WITH HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM

The transpirational histories of wheat plants, inoculated with Belminthosporium sativum Param., King & Bakke to produce root rot, showed a marked reduction in water loss during the early stages of growth, when compared with uninoculated plants. This was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the transpiring areas owing to reduced lengths and widths in the second, third, and fourth leaves to appear. As the plants entered into the early stages of elongation of the culm the transpirational story reflected a recovery in the inoculated plants. The later leaves to appear were longer with greater transpiring areas than in uninoculated plants. This fact combined with the death of the first three or four leaves resulted in greater transpirational and photosynthetic areas in the inoculated plants with consequent increased yields of dry matter. Probably similar recovery does not occur under competitive field conditions, where weeds and healthy wheat plants are present. Poor light conditions and low soil moistures were not conducive to recovery of inoculated plants. The water requirements of wheat did not appear to be affected significantly by inoculation. Of two varieties of spring wheat, Reward was more severely injured initially and recovered more rapidly than Marquis. Several possible explanations of the recovery recorded here are discussed.

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The effect of stage of growth on the copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum contents of Algerian oats grown of thirteen soils

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9520343 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 343 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

CH Williams ◽

CWE Moore

Keyword(s):

Trace Metal ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growing Period ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Early Stages ◽

Copper And Zinc ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Metal Contents ◽

Copper Zinc

Algerian oats were grown on 13 soils in the glass-house. Plants were harvested at intervals throughout the growing period, and when large enough were divided into leaf, stem, and (in later harvests) flowers or fruits. Copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum were determined on the separate plant fractions. Characteristic changes in the trace metal contents of the plant with growth were found for each element. These changes were generally similar irrespective of the soil on which the plants were grown. With the exception of manganese, the availability of the element in the soil did not affect the trend of the changes as the plant matured, but only the amount present. The uptake of each of the four elements continued through the whole period of growth. The total amounts of copper and zinc in both the leaf and the stem decreased after flowering as translocation to the grain proceeded. The amount of manganese in the leaf increased throughout the period of growth, although the rate of increase was less after flowering. The amount of molybdenum in the leaf increased until flowering, after which there was little further change. The rate of uptake of manganese was approximately equal to the rate of production of dry matter, whereas that of molybdenum, copper, and zinc was relatively greater in the early stages of growth. There was no observable influence of soil pH on the availability of copper and zinc, but that of manganese decreased with increasing pH. The availability of molybdenum was affected by the combined influences of soil pH and soil iron.

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Genotypic variation in osmotic adjustment in grain sorghum. II. Relation with some growth attributes

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9910759 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 759 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

T Tangpremsri ◽

S Fukai ◽

KS Fischer ◽

RG Henzell

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Osmotic Potential ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Early Stages ◽

Positive Effect

Two sets containing large numbers (23 and 47 entries) of sorghum genotypes were grown in the glasshouse to examine the effect of osmotic adjustment on water extraction, dry matter growth and grain yield. Water stress was developed in two periods, one before and one after anthesis. The results were similar in the two experiments despite a large difference in the genetic background of the plant material. Since osmotic potential did not differ significantly among genotypes before water stress was induced, osmotic potential obtained under stress was used directly to indicate the genotype's ability to adjust osmotically. Osmotic adjustment was positively associated with green leaf area retention during grain filling and to root length density at 70 cm depth. Genotypes with high osmotic adjustment used more water during the second drying period. As a result, total dry matter was well related to osmotic adjustment during grain filling, but grain yield was negatively associated with osmotic adjustment in one experiment and not significantly related in the other. When comparison was made for lines which had similar leaf water potential during early stages of growth but which differed in osmotic adjustment during grain filling, there was still a positive effect of osmotic adjustment on total dry matter. This suggests that the positive effect was not caused by large plants extracting more water during early stages of growth, but was due to the difference in line's ability to extract water during grain filling.

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Milk production from pasture

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600024709 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 261-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Glover ◽

H. W. Dougall

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Progressive Decrease ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Early Stages ◽

Available Energy ◽

Very High

It is shown that the available energy, T.d.n. or S.e., contained in the dry matter of Kenya pastures at all stages of growth is remarkably constant. Thus in the early stages of growth of such pastures when the available D.c.p. is present in amounts suitable for very high milk yields the available energy limits their attainment. During later growth, as the amount of C.p. in the pasture becomes increasingly diluted by carbohydrate there is a progressive decrease in amount of available D.c.p. and it in turn becomes inadequate to sustain the original limited level of productivity.

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EFFECT OF LONG-TERM CONTINUOUS CROPPING OF SPRING WHEAT ON AGGRESSIVENESS OF Cochliobolus sativus

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps89-051 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 395-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

H. M. EL-NASHAAR ◽

R. W. STACK

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Root Rot ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Cochliobolus Sativus ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Surrounding Area ◽

Helminthosporium Sativum ◽

Wheat Plot

Cochliobolus sativus cultures were collected from symptomatic wheat plants from a plot planted continuously to wheat for over 90 yr and from symptomatic wheat plants in commercial grain fields cropped rotationally in the surrounding area. Pathogenicity of these isolates was tested in replicated greenhouse trials using wheat plants scored for disease 6 wk after inoculation. Isolates from the continuous-cropped wheat plot were more aggressive on average than were isolates from commercial fields. Long-term continuous cropping to wheat appears to shift the population of C. sativus toward more aggressive types, although many less aggressive types also remain.Key words: Aggressiveness, Drechslera sorkiniana, Helminthosporium sativum, wheat root rot

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Spherulitic crystal growth in the prodissoconch larval of Crassostrea virginica

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100076263 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 518-519

Author(s):

George G. Cocks ◽

Louis Leibovitz ◽

DoSuk D. Lee

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Crassostrea Virginica ◽

Crystal Orientation ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Gastrula Stage ◽

Orthorhombic Crystal ◽

Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Early Stages ◽

Initial Deposition

Our understanding of the structure and the formation of inorganic minerals in the bivalve shells has been considerably advanced by the use of electron microscope. However, very little is known about the ultrastructure of valves in the larval stage of the oysters. The present study examines the developmental changes which occur between the time of conception to the early stages of Dissoconch in the Crassostrea virginica(Gmelin), focusing on the initial deposition of inorganic crystals by the oysters.The spawning was induced by elevating the temperature of the seawater where the adult oysters were conditioned. The eggs and sperm were collected separately, then immediately mixed for the fertilizations to occur. Fertilized animals were kept in the incubator where various stages of development were stopped and observed. The detailed analysis of the early stages of growth showed that CaCO3 crystals(aragonite), with orthorhombic crystal structure, are deposited as early as gastrula stage(Figuresla-b). The next stage in development, the prodissoconch, revealed that the crystal orientation is in the form of spherulites.

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Soil Allelotoxicity and Creation of Sorption-Stimulating Preparation to Accelerate Plant Development from Spring Wheat Seeds at Early Stages

Eurasian Soil Science ◽

10.1134/s1064229320090045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (9) ◽

pp. 1302-1310

Author(s):

G. N. Fedotov ◽

I. V. Gorepekin ◽

L. V. Lysak ◽

D. I. Potapov

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Plant Development ◽

Early Stages ◽

Wheat Seeds

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Effects of different types of shelter on physiology and growth of Sangiovese vines during the first year after planting

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20191304020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 04020

Author(s):

Giovan Battista Mattii ◽

Eleonora Cataldo ◽

Linda Salvi ◽

Sofia Sbraci ◽

Francesca Paoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

First Year ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Circular Section ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Early Stages ◽

Single Leaf ◽

Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽

Different Types ◽

Sprout Growth

In the early stages of planting, the shelter can provide for young vines protection against damage of various kinds. Despite their widespread use, few surveys have been devoted to the study of innovative shelter types and the possible influence of these protections on the physiology and development of plants. In the present experiment, which took place in 2017 in a Tuscan winery, the effects of vine protections by the company OSO (Prato) on single leaf gas exchanges and on the shoot growth in the first year of planting were studied. Three types of shelters with a circular section (completely perforated, partially perforated and closed) have been compared with the traditional full-wall shelters with square section. During the growing season, sprout growth measures, leaf area, leaf gas exchanges and water potential were carried out on the young vines. At the end of the season, shoots were sampled to measure the dry matter accumulated during the season. Among the shelters taken into consideration, it emerges that the completely perforated type guarantees the best development, with differences that are almost always significant for most of the measured parameters with traditional shelters. On the contrary, the closed typology has led to a reduction in growth, in gas exchanges and in water potential. In conclusion, the type completely perforated could constitute a valid alternative to the traditional one because, besides being a useful means for the protection of the vine, it could benefit the development of the root system in the early stages of growth.

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EVALUATION OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS FOR REACTION TO CROWN AND ROOT ROT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps85-013 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 95-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. MICHAUD ◽

C. RICHARD

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Root Rot ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Crown And Root Rot ◽

Disease Free

Fourteen alfalfa cultivars were grown for 2 yr at three locations and evaluated for forage dry matter yield and crown and root rot. Significant differences were found among cultivars for dry matter yield. All cultivars were affected by crown and root rot, most cultivars showing between 20 and 30% of infected tissues. Differences were observed among as well as within the cultivars for disease severity. The frequency of disease-free plants was less than 1.3% of the plants evaluated. Correlation between root rot index and forage yield was −0.87 [Formula: see text] when data were pooled over years and locations.Key words: Lucerne, root rot, cultivar, yield

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