Milk production from pasture

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
H. W. Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Very High

It is shown that the available energy, T.d.n. or S.e., contained in the dry matter of Kenya pastures at all stages of growth is remarkably constant. Thus in the early stages of growth of such pastures when the available D.c.p. is present in amounts suitable for very high milk yields the available energy limits their attainment. During later growth, as the amount of C.p. in the pasture becomes increasingly diluted by carbohydrate there is a progressive decrease in amount of available D.c.p. and it in turn becomes inadequate to sustain the original limited level of productivity.

Statistical research on the fate of dietary mineral elements in dry and lactating cows IV. Chloride

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paquay ◽  
F. Lomba ◽  
A. Lousse ◽  
V. Bienfet
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Chloride Excretion ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Very High ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Daily Milk

SUMMARYStatistical analyses were carried out on the data obtained under very strict conditions in metabolism stalls with 41 different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with 14 other different rations fed to 35 adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2–6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg.The authors have calculated and studied the correlations between faecal and urinary losses of chloride, chloride excretion with the milk, digestible chloride and chloride balance and many other nutritive factors which were analysed for each of the 55 above mentioned experimental diets.The results show that the digestion and utilization of chloride is not influenced by the amount of ingested chloride at the time of the trial. The digestion is generally very high, negatively correlated with dry matter, energy, and pentosans intakes, and positively with nitrogen and potassium intakes. But the most important factor in the fate of dietary chloride seems to be the necessity for the cow to eliminate most of the time high amounts of potassium in the urines.

THE USE OF WATER BY WHEAT PLANTS WHEN INOCULATED WITH HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (5) ◽  
pp. 178-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Sallans
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum

The transpirational histories of wheat plants, inoculated with Belminthosporium sativum Param., King & Bakke to produce root rot, showed a marked reduction in water loss during the early stages of growth, when compared with uninoculated plants. This was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the transpiring areas owing to reduced lengths and widths in the second, third, and fourth leaves to appear. As the plants entered into the early stages of elongation of the culm the transpirational story reflected a recovery in the inoculated plants. The later leaves to appear were longer with greater transpiring areas than in uninoculated plants. This fact combined with the death of the first three or four leaves resulted in greater transpirational and photosynthetic areas in the inoculated plants with consequent increased yields of dry matter. Probably similar recovery does not occur under competitive field conditions, where weeds and healthy wheat plants are present. Poor light conditions and low soil moistures were not conducive to recovery of inoculated plants. The water requirements of wheat did not appear to be affected significantly by inoculation. Of two varieties of spring wheat, Reward was more severely injured initially and recovered more rapidly than Marquis. Several possible explanations of the recovery recorded here are discussed.

The effect of stage of growth on the copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum contents of Algerian oats grown of thirteen soils

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Williams ◽  
CWE Moore
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metal ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Copper Zinc

Algerian oats were grown on 13 soils in the glass-house. Plants were harvested at intervals throughout the growing period, and when large enough were divided into leaf, stem, and (in later harvests) flowers or fruits. Copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum were determined on the separate plant fractions. Characteristic changes in the trace metal contents of the plant with growth were found for each element. These changes were generally similar irrespective of the soil on which the plants were grown. With the exception of manganese, the availability of the element in the soil did not affect the trend of the changes as the plant matured, but only the amount present. The uptake of each of the four elements continued through the whole period of growth. The total amounts of copper and zinc in both the leaf and the stem decreased after flowering as translocation to the grain proceeded. The amount of manganese in the leaf increased throughout the period of growth, although the rate of increase was less after flowering. The amount of molybdenum in the leaf increased until flowering, after which there was little further change. The rate of uptake of manganese was approximately equal to the rate of production of dry matter, whereas that of molybdenum, copper, and zinc was relatively greater in the early stages of growth. There was no observable influence of soil pH on the availability of copper and zinc, but that of manganese decreased with increasing pH. The availability of molybdenum was affected by the combined influences of soil pH and soil iron.

Genotypic variation in osmotic adjustment in grain sorghum. II. Relation with some growth attributes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer ◽  
RG Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Positive Effect

Two sets containing large numbers (23 and 47 entries) of sorghum genotypes were grown in the glasshouse to examine the effect of osmotic adjustment on water extraction, dry matter growth and grain yield. Water stress was developed in two periods, one before and one after anthesis. The results were similar in the two experiments despite a large difference in the genetic background of the plant material. Since osmotic potential did not differ significantly among genotypes before water stress was induced, osmotic potential obtained under stress was used directly to indicate the genotype's ability to adjust osmotically. Osmotic adjustment was positively associated with green leaf area retention during grain filling and to root length density at 70 cm depth. Genotypes with high osmotic adjustment used more water during the second drying period. As a result, total dry matter was well related to osmotic adjustment during grain filling, but grain yield was negatively associated with osmotic adjustment in one experiment and not significantly related in the other. When comparison was made for lines which had similar leaf water potential during early stages of growth but which differed in osmotic adjustment during grain filling, there was still a positive effect of osmotic adjustment on total dry matter. This suggests that the positive effect was not caused by large plants extracting more water during early stages of growth, but was due to the difference in line's ability to extract water during grain filling.

Spherulitic crystal growth in the prodissoconch larval of Crassostrea virginica

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
George G. Cocks ◽  
Louis Leibovitz ◽  
DoSuk D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Initial Deposition

Our understanding of the structure and the formation of inorganic minerals in the bivalve shells has been considerably advanced by the use of electron microscope. However, very little is known about the ultrastructure of valves in the larval stage of the oysters. The present study examines the developmental changes which occur between the time of conception to the early stages of Dissoconch in the Crassostrea virginica(Gmelin), focusing on the initial deposition of inorganic crystals by the oysters.The spawning was induced by elevating the temperature of the seawater where the adult oysters were conditioned. The eggs and sperm were collected separately, then immediately mixed for the fertilizations to occur. Fertilized animals were kept in the incubator where various stages of development were stopped and observed. The detailed analysis of the early stages of growth showed that CaCO3 crystals(aragonite), with orthorhombic crystal structure, are deposited as early as gastrula stage(Figuresla-b). The next stage in development, the prodissoconch, revealed that the crystal orientation is in the form of spherulites.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

scholarly journals Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Dry Matter Intake Post-Weaning and Peak Lactation of Black Angus Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Cory T. Parsons ◽  
Julia M. Dafoe ◽  
Samuel A. Wyffels ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Two Stages

We evaluated heifer post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification and cow age on dry matter intake (DMI) at two stages of production. Fifty-nine non-lactating, pregnant, (Study 1) and fifty-four lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) commercial black Angus beef cows were grouped by age and RFI. Free-choice, hay pellets were fed in a GrowSafe feeding system. In Study 1, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.01) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. In Study 2, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.02) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. Milk production displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p < 0.01) where both 5–6-year-old and 8–9-year-old low RFI cows produced more milk than high RFI cows. For both studies, intake and intake behavior were not influenced by RFI (p ≥ 0.16) or cow age × RFI interaction (p ≥ 0.21). In summary, heifer’s post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle DMI or intake behavior, however, some differences were observed in milk production.

scholarly journals Effects of different types of shelter on physiology and growth of Sangiovese vines during the first year after planting

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 04020
Author(s):  
Giovan Battista Mattii ◽  
Eleonora Cataldo ◽  
Linda Salvi ◽  
Sofia Sbraci ◽  
Francesca Paoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
First Year ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Circular Section ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sprout Growth

In the early stages of planting, the shelter can provide for young vines protection against damage of various kinds. Despite their widespread use, few surveys have been devoted to the study of innovative shelter types and the possible influence of these protections on the physiology and development of plants. In the present experiment, which took place in 2017 in a Tuscan winery, the effects of vine protections by the company OSO (Prato) on single leaf gas exchanges and on the shoot growth in the first year of planting were studied. Three types of shelters with a circular section (completely perforated, partially perforated and closed) have been compared with the traditional full-wall shelters with square section. During the growing season, sprout growth measures, leaf area, leaf gas exchanges and water potential were carried out on the young vines. At the end of the season, shoots were sampled to measure the dry matter accumulated during the season. Among the shelters taken into consideration, it emerges that the completely perforated type guarantees the best development, with differences that are almost always significant for most of the measured parameters with traditional shelters. On the contrary, the closed typology has led to a reduction in growth, in gas exchanges and in water potential. In conclusion, the type completely perforated could constitute a valid alternative to the traditional one because, besides being a useful means for the protection of the vine, it could benefit the development of the root system in the early stages of growth.

HIGH MOISTURE GROUND EAR CORN, HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY OR SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED BARLEY FOR LACTATING COWS: MILK PRODUCTION AND RATION UTILIZATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KUNG Jr. ◽  
B. W. JESSE ◽  
J. W. THOMAS ◽  
J. T. HUBER ◽  
R. S. EMERY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Fecal Ph

Whole barley was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in laboratory trials. Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags in the rumen of whole barley treated with 2.5, 3.5, or 4.9% NaOH for 30 h was 59.6, 72.4, and 93.0%, respectively, compared with 82.2% for untreated ground barley. In a subsequent lactation trial, 24 Holstein cows (eight per treatment) were fed high moisture ground ear corn, high moisture rolled barley or high moisture whole barley treated with 3.5% NaOH. Milk persistencies tended to be greater for cows fed high moisture rolled barley, next for ground ear corn and least for NaOH-treated barley. Milk composition was similar for all treatments. Dry matter intake was greatest for cows fed ground ear corn and lower for those fed the barley diets. Alpha-linked glucose and pH of feces were similar for cows fed ground ear corn and high moisture rolled barley diets, but fecal pH was lower and alpha-linked glucose concentrations three times greater for NaOH-treated barley. Digestibility percents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and nitrogen were 61.4, 25.3, 64.7 for ground ear corn; 64.4, 38.0, 67.1 for high moisture rolled barley; and 56.8, 43.2, 54.8 for NaOH-treated barley, respectively. Rumen grain turnover estimated by excretion of ytterbium in feces was greatest for NaOH-treated barley (9.09%/h), intermediate for ground ear corn (6.10%/h) and lowest for high moisture rolled barley (4.93%/h). Key words: Dairy, sodium hydroxide, high moisture grains

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