ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND IN SEA WATER

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (5) ◽  
pp. 306-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Thiessen ◽  
F. W. Simpson ◽  
J. R. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Absorption Measurements

Sound absorption measurements, made with a diverging beam in sea water, are given. They cover frequencies from 0.35 to 2.3 Mc. per second and are somewhat lower than those given by Richardson for fresh water. Conclusive comparison between these results and fresh water results cannot be made. Advantages of using long distances are discussed.

Sound absorption measurements at 10–60 kHz in near‐freezing sea water

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Garrison ◽  
R. E. Francois ◽  
E. A. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Absorption Measurements

Additional sound absorption measurements in near‐freezing sea water

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Garrison ◽  
E. W. Early ◽  
T. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Absorption Measurements

LUMINESCENCE OF THE BLACK SEA MICROSCOPIC FUNGI CULTURES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Nadejda Kopytina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

Reosquido Desalinasi Metode Evaporasi dengan Ultraviolet Berbasis Mikrokontroller

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Azis ◽  
Nuryake Fajaryati
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Heater Element ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research aims to create a Reosquido desalination tool for evaporation methods using a microcontroller. This tool can control the temperature to speed up the evaporation process in producing fresh water. The method applied to Reosquido desalination uses Evaporation. The first process before evaporation is the detection of temperature in sea water that will be heated using an element heater. The second process of temperature measurement is to turn off and turn on the Arduino Uno controlled heater, when the temperature is less than 80 ° then the heater is on. The third process is evaporation during temperatures between 80 ° to 100 °, evaporation water sticks to the glass roof which is designed by pyramid. Evaporated water that flows into the reservoir is detected by its solubility TDS value. The fourth process is heater off when the temperature is more than 100 °. Based on the results of the testing, the desalination process using a microcontroller controlled heater can speed up the time up to 55% of the previous desalination process tool, namely manual desalination prsoes without using the heater element controlled by the temperature and controlled by a microcontroller which takes 9 hours. Produces fresh water as much as 30ml from 3000ml of sea water, so that it can be compared to 1: 100.

Investigation of chemical sound absorption in sea water: Part III

1981 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Mellen ◽  
D. G. Browning ◽  
V. P. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Sea Water

Solar Water Distillation Using Two Different Phase Change Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 2409-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Naga Sarada ◽  
Banoth Hima Bindu ◽  
Sri Rama R. Devi ◽  
Ravi Gugulothu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
The World

In recent years with the exacerbation of energy shortage, water crisis increases around the world. With the continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of various sources of renewable energy is increasingly becoming important for sustainable development. Due to the rising oil price and environmental regulations, the demand of utilizing alternative power sources increased dramatically. Alternative energy and its applications have been heavily studied for the last decade. Energy and water are essential for mankind that influences the socioeconomic development of any nation. Pure water resources become more and more scarce every day as rivers, lakes wells and even seawater pollution rapidly increases. Solar energy is one promising solution to secure power and potable water to future generation. The process of distillation can be used to obtain fresh water from salty, brackish or contaminated water. Water is available in different forms such as sea water, underground water, surface water and atmospheric water. Clean water is essential for good health. The search for sustainable energy resources has emerged as one of the most significant and universal concerns in the 21st century. Solar energy conversion offers a cost effective alternative to our traditional usages. Solar energy is a promising candidate in many applications. Among the alternative energy sources used for electricity production, wind and solar energy systems have become more attractive in recent years. For areas where electricity was not available, stand alone wind and solar systems have been increasingly used. The shortage of drinking water in many countries throughout the world is a serious problem. Humankind has depended for ages on river, sea water and underground water reservoirs for its fresh water needs. But these sources do not always prove to be useful due to the presence of excessive salinity in the water. To resolve this crisis, different methods of solar desalination have been used in many countries. Distillation is a well known thermal process for water purification, most importantly, water desalination. Most of the conventional water distillation processes are highly energy consuming and require fossil fuels as well as electric power for their operation. Single basin solar still is a popular solar device used for converting available brackish or waste water into potable water. Because of its lower productivity, it is not popularly used. Numbers of works are under taken to improve the productivity and efficiency of the solar still. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials sodium sulphate and sodium acetate are discussed in this paper. Keywords: solar energy, saline water, distillation, phase change material.

Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (11) ◽  
pp. 2467-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Vijayan ◽  
J Morgan ◽  
T Sakamoto ◽  
E Grau ◽  
G Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.

Hygienic Aspects of the Use of Desalinated Sea Water for Drinking and Household Purposes: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
OO Sinitsyna ◽  
VV Turbinsky ◽  
TM Ryashentseva ◽  
EP Lavrik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Background. Uneven distribution of fresh water sources on the land surface encourages a search for effective techniques of potable water preparation by desalination of seawater. Hygienic issues of such desalination methods as distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and ion exchange have been investigated by now and appropriate limitations, requirements, and additional measures to ensure safety of desalinated drinking water have been established. Objective. To summarize and systematize the results of studying characteristics of various methods of seawater desalination for its further use for drinking and household purposes. Materials and methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in Russian and in English, found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and selected 40 literary sources containing an empirical assessment of effectiveness of seawater desalination and preparation of drinking water. We also scrutinized regulatory documents and guidelines of domestic sanitary legislation. The research results were systematized by the main desalination methods. Results and discussion. We established that the use of seawater for the preparation of fresh water for drinking and household purposes is becoming increasingly widespread around the world. Drinking water obtained from seawater, in all cases, requires additional treatment and measures to optimize its mineral composition and protect against microorganisms. Conclusion. The main challenges of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population when using desalinated seawater for drinking and household purposes include selection of a source, arrangement of sites of water intake properly protected from natural and man-made pollution, substantiation of techniques and modes of preliminary preparation of source seawater adequate to its composition, basic desalination, ensuring safety of products of destruction and migration of toxic substances from reagents and materials of desalination plants, additional conditioning with the necessary elements and disinfection of the prepared water, as well as environmental protection from desalination waste.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

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