THE RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH CERTAIN COMPOUNDS OF IRON, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel W. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Copper Carbonate ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Treated Sample ◽  
Copper Naphthenate

Unbleached cotton tentage duck was impregnated with chromic oxide, copper carbonate, and ferric oxide, both singly and in mixtures, each metal being present in concentration of approximately 1% as metallic oxide, and also in the form of naphthenates in equivalent concentration. The rot resistance of the treated samples was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength on soil burial after leaching in water and after outdoor weathering for four months. Photochemical degradation on weathering was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength and increase in cuprammonium fluidity. The decrease in metal content on weathering was also measured.Samples treated with chromium and iron in inorganic form, used singly and together, showed no resistance to soil burial and very slight resistance when the metals were present as naphthenates. All treatments containing copper produced substantial resistance to soil burial, the mixtures producing greater resistance than the single compounds; the resistance resulting from treatment with chromium plus copper and with chromium plus copper plus iron mixtures was greater than that from the corresponding copper plus iron treatments. On the whole, the inorganic treatments produced more resistance to soil burial after leaching than the organic treatments but, after weathering, the copper alone and copper plus iron treatments produced less resistance than the corresponding naphthenate treatments.All the inorganic treatments containing chromium exerted a marked protective effect against deterioration resulting from weathering as judged by breaking strength losses and increases in cuprammonium fluidity.The naphthenate treatments containing chromium and the iron oxide and iron naphthenate treatments afforded some protection with respect to breaking strength loss but produced fluidity increases approximately the same as that of the untreated fabric. Similar results were obtained with the copper carbonate plus iron oxide treatment.The samples treated with copper carbonate and copper naphthenate showed breaking strength losses approximately the same as that of the untreated control but gave evidence of enhanced degradation as judged by the fluidity data.Losses of chromium on weathering were negligible in all cases while losses of iron ranged from zero to 34%. Complete loss of copper occurred in the copper carbonate treated sample and a slightly lower loss (85%) in the copper plus iron treated sample. In the presence of chromium and chromium plus iron, the losses of copper were reduced to 34% and 54% respectively. Similar trends were observed with the naphthenate treatments but the losses were much lower in all cases, ranging from no significant loss to a loss of 48%.

THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON VARIOUS ROTPROOFING TREATMENTS APPLIED TO COTTON TENTAGE DUCK

1947 ◽  
Vol 25f (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bayley ◽  
Muriel W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Zinc Compounds ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Naphthenate ◽  
Wax Coating

Cotton tentage duck treated with ferric oxide–chromic oxide ('mineral khaki'), copper carbonate–ferric oxide ('copper–iron'), cuprammonium, cutch–cuprammonium, copper 8-quinolinate, copper glyoxime, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, zinc naphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate, showed varying degrees of breaking strength loss when subjected to outdoor weathering during the summer months. The losses were in no case greater than that of the untreated fabric, and certain treatments, such as mineral khaki and cutch–cuprammonium, gave considerable protection against loss in breaking strength. With copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate the degree of chemical degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity was somewhat greater than that of the untreated fabric. The presence of a waterproofing treatment consisting of a mixture of petroleum-base waxes in addition to the rotproofing treatments usually resulted in increased breaking strength loss. The water resistance of the waxed samples showed a slight to pronounced increase on weathering. In general there was considerable loss of rotproofer as a result of weathering; with the copper compounds this loss was of the order of 37 to 90%, but was reduced to 6 to 44% by the presence of wax. Weathering produced an almost complete loss of the two zinc compounds, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, and mercuric naphthenate. Losses of metal from chromium–iron proofings were negligible even in the absence of wax proofing. The degree of rot resistance as judged by soil burial was greatest in the fabrics treated with copper, and was increased by the presence of wax. The water resistance of samples subjected to soil burial was frequently decreased before the occurrence of any marked loss in breaking strength; this indicates microbiological attack on the wax coating prior to attack on the cotton fabric.

THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON COTTON FABRIC CONTAINING CERTAIN COPPER ROTPROOFERS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bayley ◽  
M. W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Compounds ◽  
Copper Naphthenate ◽  
Copper Oleate ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Outdoor Weathering

On exposure to outdoor weathering for three months, No. 8 cotton duck showed substantial loss in breaking strength. The untreated fabric showed a loss of the same order as the losses of samples treated with copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, copper oleate, and copper tallate containing 0.1 to 1.0% copper. The copper treated samples showed slight evidence of increased actinic degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity. There was an appreciable decrease in the copper content of the treated samples on weathering. The decrease in copper content and breaking strength on weathering and the extent of attack by micro-organisms in soil burial testing were reduced considerably by the presence of a waterproofing compound of the wax-pigment-filler type. The initial water resistance of the proofing was modified by the presence of the copper compounds, being reduced by copper naphthenate, oleate, and tallate and increased by copper hydroxynaphthenate although on ageing and weathering these effects were minimized.

Effect of montmorillonite on the oxidative stability of polyphenylene sulfide fibers prepared by melt spinning

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110134
Author(s):  
Jian Xing ◽  
Shunhua Dai ◽  
Zhong Chen ◽  
Yongkang Wang ◽  
Zhenghua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Polyphenylene Sulfide ◽  
Composite Fibers ◽  
Oxidation Treatment ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Induction Temperature

Masterbatches of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/organic montmorillonite (MMT) composites were produced via melt blending. A self-made spinning equipment was then used to produce the PPS/organic MMT composite fibers by melt spinning directly from the masterbatches. X-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscope were used to examine the dispersibility of organic MMT. The morphology, tensile property, crystallization behavior, and oxidative stability of PPS fibers were investigated. The results indicated that organic MMT could be uniformly distributed in the PPS matrix to form a mixed dispersion of intercalated and exfoliated structure and influence the longitudinal surface morphology of fibers to become rough. The roughness of composite fibers surface was proportional to the content of organic MMT. The organic MMT nanolayers could act as the heterogeneous nucleating agents to improve the crystallization, and the crystallity of composite fibers increased with the increase of organic MMT content. The breaking strength of composite fibers first increased and then decreased by increasing the amount of organic MMT. After the oxidation treatment, the breaking strength of neat PPS fibers and composite fibers declined, but the degree of breaking strength loss for composite fibers is lower than that of neat PPS fibers. The dynamic oxidation induction temperature of composite fibers also showed a significant increase by adding organic MMT. Moreover, the addition of organic MMT could limit the chemical combination of element sulfur and oxygen, retard the generation of sulfoxide groups, and induce the conversion of sulfur atoms from C-S bond to sulfone for improving oxidative stability.

scholarly journals Solvent-Free Preparation of 1,8-Dioxo-Octahydroxanthenes Employing Iron Oxide Nanomaterials

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rajabi ◽  
Mohammad Abdollahi ◽  
Elham Sadat Diarjani ◽  
Mikhail G. Osmolowsky ◽  
Olga M. Osmolovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Product Yields ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Work Up

In this study, 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes were prepared employing a simple, effective and environmentally sound approach utilizing an iron oxide nanocatalyst under solventless conditions. The proposed iron oxide nanomaterial exhibited high product yields, short reaction times and a facile work-up procedure. The synthesized catalyst was also found to be highly stable and reusable under the investigated conditions (up to twelve consecutive cycles) without any significant loss in its catalytic activity.

Photodegradation, interaction with iron oxides and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter from forested floodplain sources

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Howitt ◽  
Darren S. Baldwin ◽  
Gavin N. Rees ◽  
Barry T. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Oxbow Lake ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Amorphous Iron ◽  
Leaf Leachate

Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can influence food webs by altering the availability of carbon to microbial communities, and may be particularly important following periods of high DOM input (e.g. flooding of forested floodplains). Iron oxides can facilitate these reactions, but their influence on subsequent organic products is poorly understood. Degradation experiments with billabong (= oxbow lake) water and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) leaf leachate were conducted to assess the importance of these reactions in floodplain systems. Photochemical degradation of DOM in sunlight-irradiated quartz tubes (with and without amorphous iron oxide) was studied using gas chromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy. Photochemical reactions generated gaseous products and small organic acids. Bioavailability of billabong DOM increased following irradiation, whereas that of leaf leachate was not significantly altered. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectra suggested that the humic component of billabong organic matter was particularly susceptible to degradation, and the source of DOM influenced the changes observed. The addition of amorphous iron oxide increased rates of photochemical degradation of leachate and billabong DOM. The importance of photochemical reactions to aquatic systems will depend on the source of the DOM and its starting bioavailability, whereas inputs of freshly formed iron oxides will accelerate the processes.

Photocatalytic Iron Oxide Micro-Swimmers for Environmental Remediation

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 747-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Richard ◽  
Juliane Simmchen ◽  
Alexander Eychmüller
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Wastewater Remediation ◽  
Degradation Of Dyes

Abstract Harvesting energy from photochemical reactions has long been studied as an efficient means of renewable energy, a topic that is increasingly gaining importance also for motion at the microscale. Iron oxide has been a material of interest in recent studies. Thus, in this work different synthesis methods and encapsulation techniques were used to try and optimize the photo-catalytic properties of iron oxide colloids. Photodegradation experiments were carried out following the encapsulation of the nanoparticles and the Fenton effect was also verified. The end goal would be to use the photochemical degradation of peroxide to propel an array of swimmers in a controlled manner while utilizing the Fenton effect for the degradation of dyes or waste in wastewater remediation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Thermal Effects on Slag Cement Concrete’s Strength Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Michael Tiza
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Slag Cement ◽  
Hardness Property

The physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of concrete change with heat-fire. The effect of thermal load on Slag cement concrete output must be measured because of the crucial role of thermal resistance in concrete structure performance and operation. This work examines the thermal resistance of Slag cement concrete. The concrete cubes were produced and cured for 28 days and then subjected to varying temperatures range of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C. Hardness and compressive strength were measured at 30, 45, and 60 minutes; the sample results were compared to those of ordinary Portland cement used for the study. The findings of this experiment demonstrate that strength loss was 0.45% at 100 °C, 1.75% at 150 °C, 2.67% at 200°C, 5.98% at 250°C and 12.04 % at 300 °C, the hardness property increased from 100° to 150°C but decreased with higher temperatures. However, average concrete loss at 300 °C exceeds 20 percent of its compressive strength. This means that higher temperatures have adverse effects on concrete strength. From the test, however, it has been noted that there was an insignificant loss of strength of concrete at temperatures below 250°C and however, above 250 °C, a significant loss of concrete strength was observed. The results indicate that slag concrete has a significantly higher thermal resistance potential than traditional concrete and can be used even in industrial applications.

Occurrence of magnetite in the sand fraction of an Oxisol in the Brazilian savanna ecosystem, developed from a magnetite-free lithology

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. M. Viana ◽  
P. R. C. Couceiro ◽  
M. C. Pereira ◽  
J. D. Fabris ◽  
E. I. Fernandes Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Magnetic Fraction ◽  
Magnetic Minerals ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Treated Sample ◽  
Magnetite Particles

It is relatively well established from many pedogenetic studies that, in deeply weathered Oxisols from Central Brazil, magnetite or maghemite are either inherited or transformed from magnetite of the mafic parent material. However, no similar pedogenetic pathways have been reported in the literature for other lithologies, such as limestone and pelitic rocks (shales and slates) of the Bambuí Group in Brazil. In these sedimentary, non-mafic lithologies, magnetic minerals are not likely to occur. Despite that, magnetic nodules were identified in a representative Oxisol pedon developed on this pedodomain, under savanna (Cerrado). Magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of nodules were separated with a hand magnet. Chemical and mineralogical compositions of these nodules were determined by conventional chemical methods, powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and 298 K Mössbauer spectroscopy. For the magnetic fraction, containing up to 84 dag/kg of Fe2O3 but also relatively rich in Al, Ti, Cr, and Si, Mössbauer measurements were also made at 4.2 K, without and with an externally applied magnetic field of 8 Tesla, and at 100 K. Mössbauer results and structural Rietveld refinement of the XRD data consistently suggest that the iron oxide mineralogy corresponds to approximately equivalent proportions of hematite and a partially oxidised magnetite, containing 3 dag/kg of iron as FeO. Laboratory tests were conducted in an attempt to produce magnetic material by heating this non-magnetic fraction. The sample was wrapped in filter paper and heated at 300°C for 30 min, and the results were compared with the naturally occurring magnetic nodules. The saturation magnetisation value of the thermally treated sample was found to be σ = 7 J/T.kg, well below σ = 16 J/T.kg of the magnetic soil nodules. Mössbauer and XRD results indicate that the iron oxide mineralogy of this laboratory-produced magnetic sample also corresponds to a mixture of partially oxidised magnetite and hematite. Two other parts of the same non-magnetic, naturally hematite-rich precursor were mixed with charcoal, to act as reducing agent, and oven-heated at 450°C and 600°C, respectively, for 1 h, producing increasing reduction of the hematite to magnetite. These laboratory simulations support the model in which magnetite in these hematite-rich nodules was formed under the influence of seasonal burning regimes of the covering vegetation, followed by partial re-conversion of the magnetite particles to hematite under long-term atmospheric exposure to air. This model is consistent with a long-term, seasonal fire history, assumed for the genesis of the Cerrado ecosystem in the Central Brazil, although a wider validity for the entire Bambuí Group area remains open.

PRECISION OF LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF BREAKING STRENGTH OF TEXTILES

1947 ◽  
Vol 25f (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hopkins ◽  
Muriel W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Additional Variance

Warp breaking strength was measured in five test strips from each of a series of duplicate pieces of cotton duck in rotproofing experiments. Breaks occurring at the jaws of the machine, which amounted to some 16% of the total, gave results about 3.5% lower and 20% more variable than non-jaw breaks. Discrepancies in non-jaw breaks of similarly treated fabric arose partly from variance in test strips from the same piece and partly from additional variance between duplicate pieces. Weathering tended to reduce intra-piece, and soil burial to increase both intra- and inter-piece variability. The tests as conducted were capable of discriminating differences of the order of 15 to 20%. Greater gains in precision would have resulted from increasing the number of replicate pieces than from increasing the number of strips tested per piece in the same ratio. However, determination of the most economical test procedure for specified precision in each type of material also required consideration of the cost factor, which was nearly three times as great per piece as per strip.

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