THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON VARIOUS ROTPROOFING TREATMENTS APPLIED TO COTTON TENTAGE DUCK

1947 ◽  
Vol 25f (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bayley ◽  
Muriel W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Zinc Compounds ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Naphthenate ◽  
Wax Coating

Cotton tentage duck treated with ferric oxide–chromic oxide ('mineral khaki'), copper carbonate–ferric oxide ('copper–iron'), cuprammonium, cutch–cuprammonium, copper 8-quinolinate, copper glyoxime, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, zinc naphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate, showed varying degrees of breaking strength loss when subjected to outdoor weathering during the summer months. The losses were in no case greater than that of the untreated fabric, and certain treatments, such as mineral khaki and cutch–cuprammonium, gave considerable protection against loss in breaking strength. With copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate the degree of chemical degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity was somewhat greater than that of the untreated fabric. The presence of a waterproofing treatment consisting of a mixture of petroleum-base waxes in addition to the rotproofing treatments usually resulted in increased breaking strength loss. The water resistance of the waxed samples showed a slight to pronounced increase on weathering. In general there was considerable loss of rotproofer as a result of weathering; with the copper compounds this loss was of the order of 37 to 90%, but was reduced to 6 to 44% by the presence of wax. Weathering produced an almost complete loss of the two zinc compounds, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, and mercuric naphthenate. Losses of metal from chromium–iron proofings were negligible even in the absence of wax proofing. The degree of rot resistance as judged by soil burial was greatest in the fabrics treated with copper, and was increased by the presence of wax. The water resistance of samples subjected to soil burial was frequently decreased before the occurrence of any marked loss in breaking strength; this indicates microbiological attack on the wax coating prior to attack on the cotton fabric.

THE RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH CERTAIN COMPOUNDS OF IRON, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel W. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Copper Carbonate ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Treated Sample ◽  
Copper Naphthenate

Unbleached cotton tentage duck was impregnated with chromic oxide, copper carbonate, and ferric oxide, both singly and in mixtures, each metal being present in concentration of approximately 1% as metallic oxide, and also in the form of naphthenates in equivalent concentration. The rot resistance of the treated samples was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength on soil burial after leaching in water and after outdoor weathering for four months. Photochemical degradation on weathering was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength and increase in cuprammonium fluidity. The decrease in metal content on weathering was also measured.Samples treated with chromium and iron in inorganic form, used singly and together, showed no resistance to soil burial and very slight resistance when the metals were present as naphthenates. All treatments containing copper produced substantial resistance to soil burial, the mixtures producing greater resistance than the single compounds; the resistance resulting from treatment with chromium plus copper and with chromium plus copper plus iron mixtures was greater than that from the corresponding copper plus iron treatments. On the whole, the inorganic treatments produced more resistance to soil burial after leaching than the organic treatments but, after weathering, the copper alone and copper plus iron treatments produced less resistance than the corresponding naphthenate treatments.All the inorganic treatments containing chromium exerted a marked protective effect against deterioration resulting from weathering as judged by breaking strength losses and increases in cuprammonium fluidity.The naphthenate treatments containing chromium and the iron oxide and iron naphthenate treatments afforded some protection with respect to breaking strength loss but produced fluidity increases approximately the same as that of the untreated fabric. Similar results were obtained with the copper carbonate plus iron oxide treatment.The samples treated with copper carbonate and copper naphthenate showed breaking strength losses approximately the same as that of the untreated control but gave evidence of enhanced degradation as judged by the fluidity data.Losses of chromium on weathering were negligible in all cases while losses of iron ranged from zero to 34%. Complete loss of copper occurred in the copper carbonate treated sample and a slightly lower loss (85%) in the copper plus iron treated sample. In the presence of chromium and chromium plus iron, the losses of copper were reduced to 34% and 54% respectively. Similar trends were observed with the naphthenate treatments but the losses were much lower in all cases, ranging from no significant loss to a loss of 48%.

THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON COTTON FABRIC CONTAINING CERTAIN COPPER ROTPROOFERS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bayley ◽  
M. W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Compounds ◽  
Copper Naphthenate ◽  
Copper Oleate ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Outdoor Weathering

On exposure to outdoor weathering for three months, No. 8 cotton duck showed substantial loss in breaking strength. The untreated fabric showed a loss of the same order as the losses of samples treated with copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, copper oleate, and copper tallate containing 0.1 to 1.0% copper. The copper treated samples showed slight evidence of increased actinic degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity. There was an appreciable decrease in the copper content of the treated samples on weathering. The decrease in copper content and breaking strength on weathering and the extent of attack by micro-organisms in soil burial testing were reduced considerably by the presence of a waterproofing compound of the wax-pigment-filler type. The initial water resistance of the proofing was modified by the presence of the copper compounds, being reduced by copper naphthenate, oleate, and tallate and increased by copper hydroxynaphthenate although on ageing and weathering these effects were minimized.

Effect of montmorillonite on the oxidative stability of polyphenylene sulfide fibers prepared by melt spinning

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110134
Author(s):  
Jian Xing ◽  
Shunhua Dai ◽  
Zhong Chen ◽  
Yongkang Wang ◽  
Zhenghua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Polyphenylene Sulfide ◽  
Composite Fibers ◽  
Oxidation Treatment ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Induction Temperature

Masterbatches of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/organic montmorillonite (MMT) composites were produced via melt blending. A self-made spinning equipment was then used to produce the PPS/organic MMT composite fibers by melt spinning directly from the masterbatches. X-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscope were used to examine the dispersibility of organic MMT. The morphology, tensile property, crystallization behavior, and oxidative stability of PPS fibers were investigated. The results indicated that organic MMT could be uniformly distributed in the PPS matrix to form a mixed dispersion of intercalated and exfoliated structure and influence the longitudinal surface morphology of fibers to become rough. The roughness of composite fibers surface was proportional to the content of organic MMT. The organic MMT nanolayers could act as the heterogeneous nucleating agents to improve the crystallization, and the crystallity of composite fibers increased with the increase of organic MMT content. The breaking strength of composite fibers first increased and then decreased by increasing the amount of organic MMT. After the oxidation treatment, the breaking strength of neat PPS fibers and composite fibers declined, but the degree of breaking strength loss for composite fibers is lower than that of neat PPS fibers. The dynamic oxidation induction temperature of composite fibers also showed a significant increase by adding organic MMT. Moreover, the addition of organic MMT could limit the chemical combination of element sulfur and oxygen, retard the generation of sulfoxide groups, and induce the conversion of sulfur atoms from C-S bond to sulfone for improving oxidative stability.

Water resistance of heat-treated welded Iroko, ash, tulip, and ayous wood

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9584-9595
Author(s):  
Mustafa Zor
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Line Density ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Structural Applications

The friction welding method has been an effective criterion in determining the mechanical performance of wood joints in wood industry applications compared to traditional methods. Although it is used in structural applications, joints from linear vibration are quite sensitive to water. In this study, the water resistance of the heat-treated woods, iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), tulip wood (Liriodendron tulipifera) and ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon), were investigated by friction linear welding. The weld line density profiles were examined. The resistance of heat-treated welded wood joints to water remarkably decreased compared to the control sample, depending on water immersion time. The highest shear strength loss was found in tulip wood (60% to 65%) and the lowest shear strength loss was found in ash wood (3%) for the heat-treated group and in Iroko wood (17%) for the control. The heat-treated samples increased in density with welding but had a slightly lower density than the control group. According to the TGA results, it was found that the thermal degradation of untreated welded woods was lower than that of heat-treated welded woods. This difference could be due to the chemical constituents of hardwood and tropical wood. X-ray computed tomography (CT-scanning) is feasible and usable for welding line density change.

scholarly journals Effects of Tensile Stress and Soil Burial on Mechanical and Chemical Degradation Potential of Agricultural Plastic Films

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Han ◽  
Min Wei ◽  
Xiaoyan Shi ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Xulong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Biodegradable Film ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Soil Burial

Plastic film mulching is widely practiced in arid and semiarid farming systems, but the accumulation of plastic residues in soils can negatively affect soil properties. Therefore, efficient means of plastic film degradation are urgently needed to mitigate its unfriendly environmental impacts for sustainable land use. Here, we characterized the effects of tensile stress (TS) and soil burial (SB) on potential degradation properties of three film types: Polyethylene film (PEF), oxo-biodegradable film (OBDF), and biodegradable film (BDF). Weight loss, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, functional groups, and crystallinity were recorded after TS and SB treatments. The results indicated that: (1) Weight loss of plastic films was associated with SB, although the extent of weight loss depended on film type and was highest in BDF, (2) application of TS before SB weakened the mechanical properties of the films and increased their hydrophilicity, creating favorable conditions for the settlement of microorganisms on the film surface, (3) PEF treated with TS and SB had higher functional group indices and lower crystallinity. Our results highlighted that the combination of TS and SB has the potential to accelerate plastic film degradation.

Within-process and seasonal changes during industrial production of high-density fibreboard. Part 1: Influence of wood species composition on polyoses in the products

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weigl ◽  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Thomas Ters ◽  
Roland Mitter ◽  
Thomas Kuncinger
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
High Density ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Composition Changes

Abstract Industrially produced high-density fibreboard fibres are inhomogeneous in structure and chemical composition. Changes in polysaccharide chemistry during processing have an impact on strength loss, fibre separation and structural alterations. In the present study, carbohydrate composition of extracted wood chips and refiner fibres was monitored for a year at an industrial HDF plant. The polysaccharides were analysed via methanolysis and quantification of the monomeric sugars released. Significant reductions of arabinose, xylose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid were observed. The amount of glucose and extractable substances increased. The depletion of galacturonic acid and rhamnose indicates a degradation of pectin located in the compound middle lamella. The diminishing amounts of the other sugars and elevated extractive contents are a result of hemicellulose degradation. A pronounced seasonal variability of the data was observed depending on the processed wood species and degree of chemical degradation.

PRECISION OF LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF BREAKING STRENGTH OF TEXTILES

1947 ◽  
Vol 25f (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hopkins ◽  
Muriel W. Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Additional Variance

Warp breaking strength was measured in five test strips from each of a series of duplicate pieces of cotton duck in rotproofing experiments. Breaks occurring at the jaws of the machine, which amounted to some 16% of the total, gave results about 3.5% lower and 20% more variable than non-jaw breaks. Discrepancies in non-jaw breaks of similarly treated fabric arose partly from variance in test strips from the same piece and partly from additional variance between duplicate pieces. Weathering tended to reduce intra-piece, and soil burial to increase both intra- and inter-piece variability. The tests as conducted were capable of discriminating differences of the order of 15 to 20%. Greater gains in precision would have resulted from increasing the number of replicate pieces than from increasing the number of strips tested per piece in the same ratio. However, determination of the most economical test procedure for specified precision in each type of material also required consideration of the cost factor, which was nearly three times as great per piece as per strip.

ROT RESISTANCE OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH CHELATE COPPER COMPOUNDS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (8) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Illman ◽  
G. A. Ledingham ◽  
G. Semeniuk ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Copper Complexes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chelate Complexes ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Compounds ◽  
Copper Naphthenate

Thirteen organic compounds capable of forming chelate complexes were used to fix copper in cotton duck. Their rotproofing effectiveness was then determined by the loss in tensile strength during soil burial. The compounds tested were, in order of decreasing effectiveness, cupferron, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, dimethylglyoxime, salicylaldoxime, glucose oxime, diphenyl-thiocarbazone, rhodanine, benzoin oxime, s-diphenylcarbazide, acetoin oxime, and fructose oxime. Copper complexes formed with cupferron and 8-hydroxyquinoline possessed rot resistant properties far superior to those of copper naphthenate or any of the other compounds tested.

DIMETHYLGLYOXIME-COPPER TREATMENT FOR ROTPROOFING FABRICS

1945 ◽  
Vol 23f (3) ◽  
pp. 198-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
G. A. Ledingham ◽  
A. G. Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Copper Solution ◽  
Copper Naphthenate ◽  
Test Materials

Copper was fixed in jute, coarse cotton, and woollen fabrics by dipping the test materials for two to five minutes in a 0.5% aqueous solution of dimethylglyoxime at 90° to 100 °C., and then immersing them in 5% copper acetate at room temperature for five minutes. The amount of fixed copper was varied by altering the strength of the copper solution. The treated fabrics were odourless, remained pliable, and were dyed a khaki colour. As determined by soil burial tests this treatment proved more effective than that with copper naphthenate for rotproofing purposes.

Wrinkle recovery angle enhancement and tensile strength loss of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid finished lyocell fabrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108
Author(s):  
Guizhen Ke ◽  
Zhiheng Xiao ◽  
Xinya Jin ◽  
Lixiang Yu ◽  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Acid Degradation ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Butanetetracarboxylic Acid ◽  
Strength Retention

The formaldehyde-free crease-proof finishing agent 1,2,3,4,-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was used to treat lyocell fabrics. The effects of BTCA concentration and curing temperature on the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) and tensile breaking strength of lyocell fabrics were discussed. The results showed that with the increase of BTCA concentration and curing temperature, the WRA value of lyocell fabrics increased obviously and the maximum WRA reached 147°, but breaking strength decreased gradually and the minimum strength retention was 68%. The WRA was durable against laundering. The fabric whiteness difference was not obvious and the whiteness retention of all samples exceeded 98%. After further alkali treatment, the WRA of the treated lyocell fabrics decreased and the fracture strength retention recovered to varying degrees (0.45–10.8%). The developed regression equations were found to be in good correlation ( r2 > 92%) with the selected variables (tensile strength, BTCA concentration, curing temperature). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the tensile strength loss of BTCA-treated lyocell fabrics was caused by cross-linking of cellulose molecules and acid degradation. Tensile strength loss that resulted from ester bonding could be restored after hydrolysis in alkaline solution. The recoverable magnitude of tensile strength was related to the curing temperature. A high temperature not only promoted the cross-linking of cellulose macromolecules, but also accelerated the acid degradation of cellulose.

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