scholarly journals The problems with pooling poop: confronting sampling method biases in wolf (Canis lupus) diet studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 843-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Gable ◽  
S.K. Windels ◽  
J.G. Bruggink
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
National Park ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Scat Analysis ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Voyageurs National Park ◽  
Collection Methods

Wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) diet is commonly estimated via scat analysis. Several researchers have concluded that scat collection method can bias diet estimates, but none of these studies properly accounted for interpack, age class, and temporal variability, all of which could bias diet estimates. We tested whether different scat collection methods yielded different wolf diet estimates after accounting for these other potential biases. We collected scats (n = 2406) monthly from four packs via three scat collection methods (at home sites, at clusters of GPS locations, and opportunistically) in and adjacent to Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA, during April–October 2015. Diet estimates were not affected by scat collection method but did vary temporally, among packs, and by age class. To more accurately estimate wolf population diets, researchers should collect 10–20 adult scats/pack per month from home sites and (or) opportunistically from packs that are representative of the population of interest. Doing so will minimize the potential biases associated with temporal, interpack, and age-class variability.

Demographical and morphological differences among coyotes relative to sampling method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Shutler ◽  
Jenna M. Priest ◽  
Donald T. Stewart ◽  
Michael Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Canis Latrans ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Collection Methods

Collection methods can be biased, leading to misperceptions of population composition. We tested if collection method (footholds, snares, and shooting) gave different perceptions of demography or morphology of 3,539 eastern coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823). We found no differences in sex ratios of animals among methods, but did find some evidence that younger, lighter, and smaller animals were more likely to be collected by footholds than with snares. Female reproductive histories (placental scars) did not differ among methods. In a sub-sample of 232 animals, we found no evidence of differences in helminth parasitism relative to collection method. Overall, our large sample for the non-parasite analyses facilitated finding statistical significance; the biological implications hinge on the precision required in estimating population composition, and focal characteristics being compared. For example, mass was 5.3% lower for coyotes caught with footholds versus snares and 10.4% lower for coyotes caught with footholds versus being shot, whereas linear trait measurements of coyotes caught with footholds were generally smaller by at most 4.5% compared to other methods (broadly consistent with linear versus volumetric measurements). Our study provides important baseline information for making inferences about coyote (and other species’) populations sampled using only a single collection method.

scholarly journals River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Killed by Wolves (Canis lupus) during Winter in Northern Minnesota

2018 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Gable ◽  
Steve K. Windels ◽  
Ian C. Rautio
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
National Park ◽  
Lontra Canadensis ◽  
River Otter ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Voyageurs National Park

Few accounts exist of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) killing small sympatric mammalian predators. In January 2017, we observed a River Otter (Lontra canadensis) that had been killed by wolves on the ice in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. This is one of only a few documented instances of wolves killing otters.

scholarly journals Reproduction and Mortality of the High Arctic Wolf, Canis lupus arctos, in Northeast Greenland, 1978-1998

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Marquard-Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
National Park ◽  
American Studies ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Direct Counts

Reproduction and mortality of the High Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos) in northeast Greenland were investigated through a temporal and spatial analysis of data on litter sizes from direct counts of pups during 21 years (1978-1998). A minimum of 22 pups were produced in a total of six areas. Overall mean litter size was 2.0 pups/litter. This was the lowest mean litter size recorded for Wolves in North America through observations of pups in summer and was probably related to low availability and vulnerability of ungulate prey. Pack size and litter size were very strongly positively correlated. Large packs (4-7 adults) produced significantly more pups than smaller packs. Mean maximum litter size from 17 North American studies employing similar methods, suggested that maximum productivity of wolves in Greenland was 58% below that of wolves elsewhere. The number of Wolf pups born in North America was negatively correlated with increasing latitude. Eight mortalities were identified and were predominantly caused by humans despite the fact that this Wolf population inhabits a national park with year-round protection.

scholarly journals Demographic Patterns and Limitation of Grey Wolves, Canis lupus, in and Near Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Anne Forshner ◽  
Paul C. Paquet ◽  
Frank G. M. Burrows ◽  
Graham K. Neale ◽  
Keith D. Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
National Park ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Pukaskwa National Park ◽  
Demographic Patterns

In response to concern regarding the growth and long-term viability of the wolf population in and near Pukaskwa National Park, a study of demographic patterns and limitation of radio-collared wolves (Canis lupus) was completed between 1994 and 1998. The mean annual finite rate of increase (0.96) suggested that population growth of wolves was limited and declining slightly. Small pack sizes, high cumulative mortality, and low reproductive success also suggested a declining population. Two limiting factors, ungulate biomass and human-caused mortality, were examined to determine the importance of each in limiting the population growth of wolves. Ungulate biomass was involved because occurrence of natural-caused mortality was high (9 of 17 wolves) compared with other studies. In addition, consumption rates were low and similar to other studies where starvation and other signs of malnutrition were noted. Further, Moose densities in the study area were low to moderate and below thresholds indicating nutritional stress for wolves. Occurrence of human-caused mortality was high (8 of 17 wolves) suggesting that it was also an important limiting factor, particularly given the low availability of ungulate biomass and reproduction noted in this study. Based on present demographic patterns, ungulate biomass, and human-caused mortality, the wolf population likely will remain at present low densities or continue to decline.

A numerical response of wolves to bison abundance in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien O Joly ◽  
François Messier
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
National Park ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Numerical Response ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Wood Buffalo National Park ◽  
The Relationship

The numerical response of predators to changing prey density is an important component of predator-prey dynamics. We examined factors influencing two indices of wolf (Canis lupus) abundance in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada: historical wolf pelt harvests from 1970 to 1988 and sightings of wolves by park staff on survey flights from 1973 to 1991. We tested the effect of pelt price (adjusted to 1986-equivalent Canadian dollars), number of trappers, and bison (Bison bison) population size on wolf pelt returns for an 18-year period using a multiple linear regression model. We then tested the relationship between wolf sightings on survey flights and bison population size for an overlapping 19-year period. Wolf pelt price was a significant determinant of wolf harvest, whereas numbers of bison or trappers were not significant predictors of wolf harvest. However, there was a significant relationship between wolf sightings and bison population size. This analysis suggests that wolf population size was correlated with bison numbers, similar to the numerical response seen in other wolf-prey systems.

The past, present and future of food consumption databases

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (43) ◽  
pp. 1692-1700
Author(s):  
Viktória Szűcs ◽  
Erzsébet Szabó ◽  
Diána Bánáti
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
The Eu

Results of the food consumption surveys are utilized in many areas, such as for example risk assessment, cognition of consumer trends, health education and planning of prevention projects. Standardization of national consumption data for international comparison is an important task. The intention work began in the 1970s. Because of the widespread utilization of food consumption data, many international projects have been done with the aim of their harmonization. The present study shows data collection methods for groups of the food consumption data, their utilization, furthermore, the stations of the international harmonization works in details. The authors underline that for the application of the food consumption data on the international level, it is crucial to harmonize the surveys’ parameters (e.g. time of data collection, method, number of participants, number of the analysed days and the age groups). For this purpose the efforts of the EU menu project, started in 2012, are promising. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1692–1700.

scholarly journals Comparison of rectal swab, glove tip, and participant-collected stool techniques for gut microbiome sampling

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan I. Short ◽  
Robert Hudson ◽  
Benjamin D. Besasie ◽  
Kelly R. Reveles ◽  
Dimpy P. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Collection Methods

Abstract Background Studies of the gut microbiome are becoming increasingly important. Such studies require stool collections that can be processed or frozen in a timely manner so as not to alter the microbial content. Due to the logistical difficulties of home-based stool collection, there has been a challenge in selecting the appropriate sample collection technique and comparing results from different microbiome studies. Thus, we compared stool collection and two alternative clinic-based fecal microbiome collection techniques, including a newer glove-based collection method. Results We prospectively enrolled 22 adult men from our prostate cancer screening cohort SABOR (San Antonio Biomarkers of Risk for prostate cancer) in San Antonio, TX, from 8/2018 to 4/2019. A rectal swab and glove tip sample were collected from each participant during a one-time visit to our clinics. A single stool sample was collected at the participant’s home. DNA was isolated from the fecal material and 16 s rRNA sequencing of the V1-V2 and V3-V4 regions was performed. We found the gut microbiome to be similar in richness and evenness, noting no differences in alpha diversity among the collection methods. The stool collection method, which remains the gold-standard method for the gut microbiome, proved to have different community composition compared to swab and glove tip techniques (p< 0.001) as measured by Bray-Curtis and unifrac distances. There were no significant differences in between the swab and glove tip samples with regard to beta diversity (p> 0.05). Despite differences between home-based stool and office-based fecal collection methods, we noted that the distance metrics for the three methods cluster by participant indicating within-person similarities. Additionally, no taxa differed among the methods in a Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis comparing all-against-all sampling methods. Conclusion The glove tip method provides similar gut microbiome results as rectal swab and stool microbiome collection techniques. The addition of a new office-based collection technique could help easy and practical implementation of gut microbiome research studies and clinical practice.

scholarly journals The Effect of Socialization, Sanction, and E-Filing on Annual SPT Reporting

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 22001
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Simpen ◽  
Muhammad Nur Abdi ◽  
Mochammad Fahlevi ◽  
Rinto Noviantoro ◽  
Muhtar
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Selection Of

Understanding to fill the tax return, annual report tax return individual is still lacking, many taxpayers did not understand how to fill out an annual tax return, especially the tax year 2014. The objective was to investigate the influence of socialization Tax, Tax Penalties and Tax e-filing of the tax return reporting annual individual taxpayer. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method and selection of non-random manner convenience. The primary data collection method used is survey method using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple linear analysis, descriptive analysis and to test hypotheses.

Effect of semen collection method on sperm motility of gray wolves (Canis lupus) and domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris)

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Christensen ◽  
Cheryl S. Asa ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Lindsey Vansandt ◽  
Karen Bauman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Semen Collection

DAILY ACTIVITY OF JUVENILE JAVAN GIBBON (Hylobates moloch AUDEBERT 1798) IN GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK

Zoo Indonesia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanna Febrissa ◽  
Dones Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Daily Activity ◽  
National Park ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Risk Of Extinction ◽  
Conservation Effort ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Javan Gibbon

Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is one of endemic primates in Java Island, which listed as endangered and facing the high risk of extinction. Conservation efforts need to be taken immediately in regard to the decrease of this species population. One of aspects that support conservation effort is data on daily activity of this species. The aim of this study was to determine the daily activities of Javan gibbon juvenile at Citalahab Forest Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. We used focal sampling method to collect behavioral data and recording the activity of each individual Javan gibbon by continuous recording. Average time the daily activities of the three groups is 9 hours 56 minutes. Percentage of daily activity from the highest to the lowest is the resting (36.21%), feeding (33.33%), moving (23.05%), socializing (4.94%) and undetected (2.47%). Mostly social activities that do by javan gibbon is play with most frequently performed is wrestling. Javan gibbon in Cikaniki – Citalahab used 11 species as food resource. There are four types of trees used as sleeping tree over the research. The dominant tree strata for sleeping tree is strata A (over 30 m).

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