Impacto de Medidas Regulatorias en la Industria Pesquera Peruana

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2242-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Valdez-Zamudio
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
High Level

Peru has a long shoreline — about 2,300 km — on the Pacific Ocean. Fishing is a major activity based 98% on the anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). Conditions in the seas off the country are highly singular because of the effect of a cold surface current called the Peruvian Current, which harbors a major hydrobiological resource.The principal fishery resource is the anchoveta, a small and prolific pelagic fish that lives in the waters of the Peruvian Current. This resource has made Peru the first-ranking fishing country in the world with an annual catch of 9.5–12 million tons in recent years.Forecasts for the establishment of an adequate regulation system can be based on data for growth recruitment and mortality or on analyses of catch and fishing effort data. In cooperation with FAO Peru has called four meetings of high-level international experts, three of them to deal with the dynamics of the anchoveta population and one to study the economic effects of regulatory measures.In the meeting to study the economic effects of regulations it was mentioned that the industry was not efficient because of the excess capacity of the fleet and plants, and it was noted that any reduction in fleet or plant capacity should be accompanied by technological and financial improvements. Since any voluntary reduction was regarded as highly unlikely, it was felt that mandatory regulations were needed and various types of such regulations were mentioned.The panels on the dynamics of the anchoveta population also included in their reports recommendations for protection of this resource.The Ministry of Fisheries, which took over the functions of the former Dirección de Pesquería y Caza (Fisheries and Hunting Administration) has issued a variety of regulations to protect the stock. Regulations and controls have been established since 1965 and are issued for each annual period.The Peruvian fisherman suffers the most from the consequences of interruptions of fishing operations and is trying to protect himself by setting up special funds. The entrepreneurial sector accepts and understands the fishery regulations and prefers that they be issued in advance so that it may make its operational plans accordingly.The scientists who recommend regulation emphasize prohibitions for the protection of juvenile, spawning and larval fish, and as a means to reduce fishing effort. Basically, the most general regulation is the one that establishes two 2-month closed seasons, one in summer and one in winter.In the secondary sector the greatest impact of regulation has been felt in shipbuilding. However, regulation has also affected other minor activities such as transportation and food maintenance services, which employ large numbers of people.

Political and Economic Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions – a Quantitative Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-341
Author(s):  
Ole Martin Lægreid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level

AbstractThis study examines whether there is a curve linear relationship between economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, where poor and rich countries have low emissions while middle-income countries have high emissions. This is a controversial argument that suggests that persistent economic growth is the best means for achieving considerable emission reductions. The study contributes with new knowledge about the causes of variations in greenhouse gas emissions, by analyzing data for greenhouse gas emissions and testing economic explanations in relation to a broad array of political explanations. As the study demonstrates, there is a curve linear relationship between the level of economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, but the turning point – where a higher level of economic development starts to produce lower rather than higher emission levels – is far higher than previously thought. Among the study’s sample of countries, only the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland have experienced a sufficiently high level of economic development in order for increased wealth to result in lower emissions. Among the political impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, the study indicates that countries with consensual political systems produce lower emission levels than countries where the separation of powers is more centralized. A more robust “green” civil society leads to lower emissions in countries where the democratic system is functioning well, and ambitious targets regarding reduction of emissions in the Kyoto Protocol also seems to lower emissions.

Directions of Economic and Ecological Transformation of Enterprises of the Defence-industrial Complex of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Oleksii Hutsaliuk ◽  
◽  
Tatiana Obniavko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Cumulative Deterioration ◽  
High Level

Since the beginning of the third millennium, ecological safety has become of paramount importance for Ukraine. The cumulative deterioration of the environment, fixed by the annual official reports on the ecological situation in the country, is fraught with irreparable consequences not only for the present generations, but also for descendants. The authors propose to consider the enterprises of the defence-industrial complex (DIC) of Ukraine as those that make a significant contribution to the development of the economy of the country, while not only not destroying the environment, but also contributing to sustainable development. The defence-industrial complex of Ukraine is the basis of the high-tech sector of the Ukrainian economy, which determines its key importance for the functioning and development of the entire national economy, in the current period of change of technological modes, as the enterprises of the Ukrainian defence-industrial complex have a high level of innovation. One of the key features of the domestic defence-industrial complex is that it has the potential to concentrate various types of resources to achieve breakthrough results not only in addressing the issues of creating the latest weapons and military equipment, but also for implementing large-scale projects of national economic importance. This potential for breakthrough development currently remains underutilized, requiring adjustments not only in industrial, but also in state economic policy as a whole. The current state of development of defence industry enterprises is characterized by insufficient economic and environmental sustainability and requires modernization based on global experience in the greening of the military-defence sphere and NATO environmental standards, which will have environmental and economic effects. The obstacles of economic and ecological transformation of enterprises of the defence-industrial complex of Ukraine were identified and a number of managerial decisions that can become drivers to accelerate the economic and ecological transformation of the defence-industrial complex of Ukraine were proposed.

Bias in evaluating the effects of marine protected areas: the importance of baseline data for the Galapagos Marine Reserve

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. EDGAR ◽  
R.H. BUSTAMANTE ◽  
J.-M. FARIÑA ◽  
M. CALVOPIÑA ◽  
C. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Conservation Zones ◽  
Galapagos Marine Reserve

Analysis of ecological baseline data collected for key resource species within the Galapagos Marine Reserve indicates that variation in animal density associated with the location of fully protected zones can be comparable to protected area effects. Even with a high level of interspersion between conservation, tourism and fishing management zones, major differences in densities of economically important species were evident between zone types prior to enforcement of fishing restrictions. Densities of the most valuable fishery resource, sea cucumbers, were three times higher in zones that remained open to fishing compared to ‘no-take’ conservation zones, and densities of sharks were five times higher in tourism zones than fishing or conservation zones. These results highlight bias in the socio-political processes that can accompany selection of marine protected areas, where fishers attempt to minimize perceived impacts on their livelihood by locating large protected zones in resource-poor areas, and tourism operators and sport divers argue for protection of areas containing atypically-interesting features. Bias in the location of fully protected zones can seriously confound ‘control-impact’ field investigations when data prior to prohibitions on fishing are lacking, including meta-analyses, which are dominated by such potentially systematically biased studies.

scholarly journals Tourism and its Socio-economic Effects on Tourism Villages of Kaski, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Netra Prasad Subedi ◽  
Hari Bahadur Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Tourism Education ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
High Level

Tourism is one of the rapidly growing, complicated and multidimensional business activities worldwide. Village tourism carries high level of potentiality in the county like Nepal which is full of large number of villages having divergent cultures, caste, ethnic groups, climates, religions, and language speaker scattering from the Tarai to the Himalayan territories. This research paper has aimed to explore the socio-economic effects of village tourism activities and the key barriers for the development of village tourism. It has adopted descriptive cum analytical research design and conducted a survey in three sampled villages to collect primary data from75 respondents, 25 from each village including people directly involved in tourism activities and people not directly involved in tourism activities. The research result has revealed that village tourism activities have significant effects on education, lodging and food culture, government revenue, earnings capacity of the villagers and flow of domestic tourists without any adverse effect on religion and culture, youth of the villages and social undertakings. It has also revealed that there is statistically significant association across the sampled villages regarding socioeconomic effects. Furthermore, tourism education, transportation facilities, and lack of skilled manpower have been identified as the key barriers for the sustainable development of village tourism.

scholarly journals The Utility of DNA Barcoding for the Species Identification of Larval Fish in the Lower Ing River, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 671-679
Author(s):  
Dutrudi Panprommin ◽  
Kanyanat Soontornprasit ◽  
Siriluck Tuncharoen ◽  
Niti Iamchuen
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Sustainable Fishery

The species identification of larval fish is very important for sustainable fishery resource management. However, identification based on morphological characters is very difficult, complex and error-prone. DNA barcoding with the sequence of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was used to identify larval fish species from 10 stations in the tributaries of the lower Ing River. One hundred and six samples were collected between May 2016 and April 2017. The average length of the COI nucleotide sequences was approximately 640 bp. A total of 99 nucleotide sequences were identified in 35 species, 31 genera, 19 families and 9 orders, with 97-100% identity with entries in both the GenBank and BOLD databases. The genetic distance within species ranged from 0.000 to 0.004. However, seven samples were identified at only the genus level because their sequences had not been reported in any databases. Based on IUCN conservation status, most species were classified as least concern (77.14%). Approximately 69.23% of all species were related to human uses in fisheries, aquaculture or aquariums, whereas 30.77% of species were not assessed. Trichopsis vittata (family Osphronemidae) (90%) had the most frequency of occurrence, followed by Oryzias minutillus (family Adrianichthyidae) (70%) and Trichopodus trichopterus (family Osphronemidae) (70%).

Dispersion of indoor air pollutants emitted at near-floor levels in rooms with floor heating and mixing ventilation

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Jurelionis ◽  
Laura Stasiuliene ◽  
Tadas Prasauskas ◽  
Dainius Martuzevicius
Keyword(s):  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Air Change Rate ◽  
Low Energy Buildings ◽  
High Level ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Floor Heating

The usage of floor heating is increasing in low-energy buildings as it enables efficient applications of low-exergy level heat sources as well as provides a uniform distribution of air temperature and low air velocities in heated spaces. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of floor heating on the dispersion of gaseous pollutants emitted at the floor level, considering that carpets and flooring materials can be sources of such pollution. Mixing ventilation with high-level wall grille air supply and in-ceiling four-way air supply was tested numerically and experimentally in the full-scale chamber at the air change rate of 2 h−1. Three positions of a heated dummy in relation to the pollution source, cold surface and air supply diffusers were analysed. Both experiments and CFD predictions revealed the overall positive effect of floor heating on ventilation effectiveness and personal exposure. Floor heating increased pollutant removal effectiveness by 5% and reduced personal exposure by 22% on average.

Status of exploited Baltic flounder stocks in the southern Baltic area (ICES SD 26)

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Draganik ◽  
S. Ivanow ◽  
Maciej Tomczak ◽  
B. Maksimov ◽  
I. Psuty-Lipska
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Southern Baltic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Baltic Area

Status of exploited Baltic flounder stocks in the southern Baltic area (ICES SD 26)Flounder is the target of directed fisheries in coastal waters and is a bycatch of cod fishing. Flounder were fished in the Baltic region ICES Subdivision 26 (SD 26) by Polish and Soviet fleets until 1991. Since that time political and economic changes have altered the exploitation structure of that area, leading to increased fishing effort and flounder catches. This report, which is based on Polish, Russian and Lithuanian data, presents a review of long term changes in flounder fisheries in SD 26, and describes the current status of flounder exploitation there. The eXtended Survival Analysis (XSA) method was used to assess the stock. The results indicate that the flounder stock in SD 26 is in good condition and that the spawning stock biomass (SSB) is at a consistently high level. However, the estimated mean fishing mortality (F

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation in the Catch Composition and Abundance of Precious Corals Around Taiwan: Implications for Fisheries Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Shin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Catch Composition

Precious corals are a fishery resource of cultural and religious importance. Because of their high commercial value, precious corals have been exploited for several centuries in the Mediterranean and for almost one century in the Northwest Pacific. Taiwanese fishing fleets have harvested precious corals since the 1920s; however, management regulations have only been promulgated since January 2009, when the catch and effort data of fisheries began to be collected. This study examined spatiotemporal variation in the catch composition and abundance of precious corals Corallium, Hemicorallium, and Pleurocorallium spp. around Taiwan using fishery data from 2009 to 2018 and discussed its implications for fisheries management. Licenses are issued for 60 vessels annually, and the annual total catch was 2.9–3.5 t between 2009 and 2018, peaking in 2015 and then decreasing sharply in 2016. Because of the use of non-selective fishing gear, dead and fossilized colonies were included in the total catches of the fishery. Fossilized colonies were predominant (average 78.5%) in the total catches, whereas the proportion of live colony catches accounted for less than 5%. Pink coral (Momo) was predominant in the total and live colony catches during the 10-year period. The Taiwanese precious coral fishing fleets are restricted to harvesting precious corals in five designated fishing grounds (DFGs; A–E). The fishing effort (vessel⋅day) was mainly concentrated in DFG-A (average 56.6%), which accounted for an average of 63.9% of the total catches. However, the live colony catches were largest in DFG-E (average 39.9%) and DFG-A (average 39.6%). The annual catch rates of live colonies decreased in two major fishing grounds (DFGs-A and DFG-B), whereas it increased in two minor fishing grounds (DFGs-C and DFG-D). The temporal variation in occurrence rates of live colonies decreased between 2015 and 2018, indicating a declining trend for precious coral populations around Taiwan. These results indicate that an unsustainable condition may occur in the near future if the precious corals continue to be harvested at the current scale. Revised regulations for the Taiwanese precious coral fishery should contain proposals on fishing gear modifications, a rotational harvesting scheme, or both; such measures can contribute to the conservation of precious coral populations. Regional cooperation in fisheries management is necessary to achieve the sustainable development of precious corals and their fisheries in the Northwest Pacific.

scholarly journals Evaluating marine reserves as a management policy in the central-southern anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-226
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Díaz Vega ◽  
Yarela Flores Arévalo
Keyword(s):  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Artisanal Fishing ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
The Impact

The anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery in central-southern Chile, like many fisheries worldwide, is overexploitation mainly due to poor and short-term management by fishing authorities and communities. This study proposes and evaluates marine reserves as a possible tool to apply since there is a current marine reserve law in Chile. The study's methodology is the simulation of a bioeconomic model that includes two areas: one is the protected, and the other is the artisanal fishing, in which the protected area transfers biomass to the artisanal fishing area. The reserve is incorporated as a decision variable in the management of this resource. It is determined as a percentage of protection of the total fish population related to fishing effort, which quantifies and evaluates the impact of protecting a stock of parental fish on the fishery's sustainability. Biomass data used is from 2000-2006, during which the anchovy fishery was fully exploited. The carrying capacity and intrinsic growth rate are estimated, and biomass is projected at different protection and effort levels. Results show that if a marine reserve with a protection level of 30% had been applied as a management policy in the anchovy fishery of central-southern Chile in the early 2000s, the fishing activity would be in a state of full exploitation rather than overexploitation as it is today. This model's fundamental contribution is that it makes possible fishery evaluation with real data from the same fishing activity.

Die Steuerreform: Zum “Wann und Wie” der Durchführung

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Peffekoven ◽  
Manfred Rose ◽  
Wolfgang Schön
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Neutrality ◽  
German Trade ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
High Level

AbstractConcerning the Tax Reform 2000 point of time and design are controversial. Because of the anyway high level of public debt a pre-drawing of the next stage of tax reform can not be financed by government borrowing argues Rolf Peffekoven. Furthermore he points out that “Länder und Gemeinden” have to accept additional public debt. Though additional tax cut is necessary for higher growth and higher employment, it must be financed by cutting down public spending, particularly transfer payments and subsidies. The different treatment of revenues contravenes the tax structure and leads to efficiency losses. Therefore Peffekoven contributes that a reform must take into consideration the principle of equal treatment, independent of source. But a comprehensive tax reform is linked to the abolishment of German trade tax (Gewerbesteuer).Manfred Rose evaluates German tax reform by highlighting the conceptual framework that various reform measures can be attributed to. Due to a lack of understanding as regards economic effects of taxes, the German system of taxing personal and corporate income has become arbitrary and complicated. This makes the case for a fundamental reform towards an efficient, equitable and simple tax system. While some of the measures taken in the German tax reform contribute to a more efficient and equitable system, others seem to aggravate existing problems. This applies to income as well as corporate taxation. In his final section Rose characterizes a possible reform direction as proposed in the “Einfachsteuer” - a proposal for a fundamental reform of the German tax system.Wolfgang Schön determinates that although the year 2001 confronted taxpayers, tax advisors and tax administration with the largest tax reform for decades, the advocates of another, even more comprehensive tax reform raise their voice. They will have to bear in mind that a coming reform must answer various questions, the author argues. For example: Shall we retain the classical income tax or move to a consumption-based approach? How shall we reach tax neutrality with respect to the legal form, the source of income, the finance side of an investment and the allocation of profits? What substitute do we find for the anachronistic trade tax (“Gewerbesteuer”)? How do we guarantee the international compatibility of German tax law after another fundamental tax reform?

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