Release of Phosphorus by Certain Benthic Invertebrates

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne S. Gardner ◽  
Thomas F. Nalepa ◽  
Michael A. Quigley ◽  
John M. Malczyk
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Two Temperature

Phosphate release rates by Stylodrilus heringianus, tubificids, and Chironomus spp. were quantified in laboratory experiments by incubating the animals in wet sand under two temperature regimes (5 and 20 °C) and under two nutritional states (full and empty guts). Inorganic phosphorus release rates (± SE) for animals incubated 24 h ranged from 0.12 ± 0.02 (n = 5) nmol phosphorus (P)∙(mg ash-free dry weight)−1∙h−1 for S. heringianus beginning with cleared guts at 5 °C to 0.81 ± 0.09 (n = 5) nmol P∙(mg ash-free dry weight)−1∙h−1 for chironomids beginning with full guts at 20 °C. Calculations based on total invertebrate bio-mass and mean basal release rate suggest that benthic invertebrate excretion could account for most P released from aerobic Lake Michigan sediments.Key words: phosphorus, benthic invertebrates, macroinvertebrates, excretion, nutrients, sediments, nutrient release

Patterns and Rates of Nitrogen Release by Benthic Chironomidae and Oligochaeta

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne S. Gardner ◽  
Thomas F. Nalepa ◽  
David R. Slavens ◽  
Gwenyth A. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Ammonium Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Amine Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Pool

Metabolic mineralization of ammonium by tubificid worms and chironomid larvae appears to be an important mechanism contributing to nitrogen regeneration from aerobic lake sediments. Mean weight [ash free dry weight (AFDW)] – specific ammonium release rates ranged from 3 to 15 nmol NH4 (mg AFDW)]−1∙h−1 for chironomid and tubificid species collected at different times and temperatures from nearshore Lake Michigan sediments. Although mean rates of nitrogen release were similar for the two groups of benthic invertebrates, the patterns of release were different. Tubificids released nitrogen (ammonium plus primary amines) continuously, whereas chironomids released it in spurts several times per hour. Mean ammonium-release rates were generally constant with time after the animals were removed from food for both species. This implies that ammonium regeneration for these benthic animals is primarily an endogenous process. Conversely, primary amine nitrogen release often decreased with time after food removal and may reflect either egestion of partially digested materials from the animals' guts or a decrease in the metabolic pool size of free amino acids. Based on previous measurements of phosphorus release, mean molar NH4:PO4 ratios in excreted materials were calculated to be 15:1 for chironomids and 35:1 for tubificids.Key words: nitrogen release, benthic invertebrates, chironomids, tubificids, ammonium excretion, amino acid release

Effects of Food Removal on Nutrient Release Rates and Lipid Content of Lake Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1125-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery M. Gauvin ◽  
Wayne S. Gardner ◽  
Michael A. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Diatom Bloom ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Diatom Blooms ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
And Control

Pontoporeia hoyi, the dominant benthic invertebrate in the upper Great Lakes, appears to be well adapted to environments with seasonal inputs of high-quality food such as those supplied by the spring diatom bloom. Ammonium and phosphate excretion rates and lipid content were examined in P. hoyi under the following conditions: (1) field animals sampled seasonally, (2) food-deprived animals in filtered lake water, and (3) control animals held in native sediments without new food inputs. Nutrient excretion rates for P. hoyi (0.5 to 2 nmole NH4 (milligrams dry weight)−1∙h−1 and 0 to 0.15 nmole PO4 (milligrams dry weight)−1∙h−1) were low relative to rates previously reported for other benthic and pelagic invertebrates and varied little among the three treatment groups. In contrast to the animals held in the laboratory without new food inputs, field-collected P. hoyi accumulated increased levels of lipids following the spring diatom bloom. However, after lipid levels in field animals peaked in May, they decreased during the rest of the season at rates similar to those of starved and control animals. P. hoyi's low nutrient-excretion rates, and its ability to accumulate and store energy as lipids, for periods when food is not abundant, appear to be important factors allowing this animal to thrive in temperate lakes with spring diatom blooms.

scholarly journals Plant Growth and Leachate Electrical Conductivity and pH as Influenced by Controlled-release Fertilizer Blends and Coating Technologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey Grable ◽  
Joshua Knight ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Although controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been used in container-grown ornamental plants for decades, new coating technologies and blends of fertilizers coated for specific release rates are being employed to customize fertility for specific environments and crops. A study was conducted in the transitional climate of Kentucky to determine the nutrient release rates of three controlled-release blends of 8- to 9-month release and growth response of ‘Double Play Pink’ japanese spirea (Spiraea japonica) and ‘Smaragd’ arbovitae (Thuja occidentalis). Fertilizer 1 (16N–3.5P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) and Fertilizer 2 (18N–3.1P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) were prototype blends with different experimental polymer coatings. Fertilizer 3 was a blend of 18N–2.2P–6.6K–1.1Ca–1.4Mg–5.8S + trace elements, which combined 100% resin-coated prills with a polymer coating. Fertilizer 4 was commercially available 15N–3.9P–10K–1.3Mg–6S + trace elements. Fertilizer 3 released its nutrients earlier in the 12-week study than the other three fertilizers and resulted in lower shoot dry weight in both species. The new polymer coating technologies show promise for delivering a predicted release rate and are appropriate for container production of these woody shrubs in Kentucky. An interesting side note of this experiment was that leachate pH measurements across treatments averaged 1.2 units lower for arbovitae (6.3) than for japanese spirea (7.5) at week 12. It was assumed that chemical and/or biological reactions at the root/substrate interface in arbovitae moderated pH increases over the study.

Studies on Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase and Phosphorus Speciation in Sediments from Lake Hongfeng, China

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 412-415
Author(s):  
Jia Jun Deng ◽  
Cui Hong Jiang ◽  
Ji Wei Hu ◽  
Xiong Hui Wei ◽  
Xian Fei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
High Level

Environmentally significant activity of alkaline phosphatase (APA), phosphorus loading and its species were determined in 14 sediment samples from Lake Hongfeng, one of the key drinking-water sources in Guizhou Province, China. The results of this research indicates that APA presented a high level and notable fluctuations with spatial variations in sediments, ranging from 8.712×10-5 to 25.667×10-5 mol of p-nitrophenol g−1•h-1, and the average value of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments from the lake was 1129.81 mg/kg (dry weight). The content of inorganic phosphorus (IP) was higher than that of organic phosphorus (OP), and the content of the iron/aluminum-bound phosphorus (Fe/Al-P) with phosphorus release risk was also high. In addition, the Pearson’s correlation analysis shows various correlations between APA and Ca-P, Fe/Al-P, OP and IP.

scholarly journals Seed Source and Quality Influence Germination in Purple Coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.]

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wartidiningsih ◽  
R.L. Geneve
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Two Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Light

Six seed lots of purple coneflower were purchased from four commercial seed sources and evaluated for germination in either light or darkness in combination with two temperature regimes (constant 27C vs. alternating 30C for 8 hours and 20C for 16 hours). Seed lot differences accounted for the majority of variation, with two seed lots exhibiting high (81% to 91%) germination and the remaining seed lots having 39% to 66% germination. There was no effect of light on germination, regardless of the seed lot. However, alternating temperatures improved germination in one of the low-germination seed lots. Seed size and inflorescence position did not affect seed germination. Seed harvested at physiological maturity (maximum seed dry weight), but before drying had occurred, had a higher germination percentage than seeds harvested after desiccation, and they maintained a higher germination percentage even after 1 year in storage.

Impacts of Heavy Metals on Higher Aquatic Plant, Diatom and Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the Niagara River Watershed near Welland, Ontario

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Dickman ◽  
J.R. Yang ◽  
I.D. Brindle
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Control Site

Abstract Nickel, chromium, zinc and lead were 60 to 500 times more concentrated in the sediments downstream of the Atlas Specialty Steels Co. than they were in the sediments of the upper Welland River or in the nearby Lyon’s Creek. These metals reached concentrations of 4,900 mg kg−1 dry weight (ppm) of nickel versus 10 ppm upstream, 890 versus 5 ppm lead, 1,050 versus 30 ppm zinc and 5,120 verses 10 ppm chromium. Changes in higher aquatic plant species composition and relative abundance downstream of the Atlas Specialty Steels Co. were plotted as a function of the downstream distance (800 m) from the point source discharge of the company. Four zones in the distribution patterns of aquatic plants were recognized. In the first zone (0–10 m from the point source) benthic invertebrates and aquatic plants were absent. In zone 2 (10–15 m from the point source) pollution tolerant benthic invertebrates such as sludge worms and blood worms as well as pollution tolerant long stemmed emergent macrophytes such as bulrushes and cattails first appeared. Further downstream (15–120 m from the point source), short stemmed macrophytes became abundant and benthic invertebrate diversity and density began to increase (zone 3). Only in zone 4 (120–800 m from the point source) did submersed macrophytes first appear and benthic invertebrates such as isopods, snails and leeches became established. Sites where sediments displayed the highest levels of heavy metal contamination displayed low species richness and low benthic invertebrate densities. These same sites displayed the highest proportions of pollution tolerant chironomid genera such as Procladius cf. bellus and Phaenopsectra flavipes and the highest percentage of pollution tolerant diatoms such as Nitzschia hantzschia and N. palea. Chironomid density was significantly lower below the point source (19 individuals m−2 versus 162 individuals m−2 upstream) as was species richness (11 versus 20 species, P < 0.05). A similar pattern was evident for other benthic invertebrates as well as epipelic diatoms (15 vs. 34 species). In addition, the frequency of chironomid deformities was significantly higher at the downstream site than at the upstream “control” site (27% vs. 9%).

Phosphorus Release Processes in Nearshore Southern Lake Michigan

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Quigley ◽  
John A. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Phosphorus Cycle ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Overlying Water

We determined soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) release rates from intact, medium-fine sand cores obtained from an 11-m-deep sampling site in nearshore Lake Michigan during July–October 1980. Mean SRP release ranged from 0.17 ± 0.03 (SE) to 0.57 ± 0.04 mg PO4-P∙m−2∙d−1. Pore water analysis indicated that, despite high dissolved oxygen concentrations in the uppermost 6 cm of sediment, SRP concentrations increased rapidly with depth throughout this zone. Moreover, a Fickian diffusion equation based on the SRP pore water gradient and physical sediment features predicted a release rate (1.12 mg PO4-P∙m−1∙d−1) that was 2–7 times higher than release rates measured from intact cores. Results suggest that nearshore sediments provide a ready pathway for the return of SRP to overlying water, and this process warrants inclusion in future conceptual models of Lake Michigan's phosphorus cycle.

scholarly journals (198) Growth and Development of Watermelon Plants Grafted onto Citrullus Rootstocks Selected for Disease Resistance at Two Temperature Regimes

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053E-1054
Author(s):  
Yun-Chan Huh ◽  
Du-Hyun Kim ◽  
Sang-Gyu Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Sub Park ◽  
Dong-Kum Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Two Temperature

Growth response of `Sambok Honey' watermelon grafted onto different rootstocks, including four Citrullus rootstocks and three other cucurbitaceous rootstocks, was evaluated at low and normal temperature regimes. Marked reduction in plant growth rate was observed in plants grown at low temperatures as compared to those grown at normal or optimal temperatures. Relative growth reduction rates were 40% to 48% for vine length, 39% to 51% for total leaf area, 37% to 60% for shoot fresh weight, and 50% to 79% for shoot dry weight, respectively. Watermelon rootstock PI 482322 showed comparable plant growth as the most popular rootstock (Shintozwa pumpkin) even at low temperatures. `Sambok Honey' watermelon grafted onto watermelon hybrids `PI 271969 × PI 296341' and `PI 271769 × Calhoun Gray', showed comparable plant growth as FR Dantos bottle gourd rootstock. Index of growth ability at low temperature (IGALT), which was calculated on the basis of reduced rate of vine length, dry weight, and leaf area, was comparatively high in C. martinezii, Shintozwa, PI 482322, and `PI 271769 × PI 296341' rootstocks (50% or higher) and lowest in own-rooted `Sambok Honey' or in watermelon plants on `Knight' rootstock. Watermelon hybrids `PI 271969 × PI 296341' and `PI 271769 × Calhoun Gray' exhibited better or at least comparable growth at low temperatures as compared to `FR Dantos', thus confirming the feasibility of using watermelon rootstocks even in winter greenhouse conditions.

Phosphorus Release Patterns and the Effects of Reproductive Stage and Ecdysis in Daphnia magna

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1310-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Scavia ◽  
Margaret J. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Mature Embryos

Rates of continuous phosphorus release by individual Daphnia magna (0.3 – 0.9 mg dry weight) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography components in conjunction with a specially designed incubation flow cell. Within the temporal resolution of the technique (3 min), phosphorus release often appeared pulsed rather than only steady. We found significant variation in release rates among the different stages of an individual's parthenogenetic reproductive cycle. Rates observed for animals carrying more mature embryos were lower than those earlier in the reproductive cycle. Rates of phosphorus release observed at and after ecdysis averaged 6.7 times higher than rates observed at other times.Key words: phosphorus, excretion, reproductive stage, ecdysis, Daphnia magna

Variation in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia): greenhouse response of wind pollinated families from five populations to day length and temperature–soil

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Perry ◽  
James E. Lotan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Closed Cone ◽  
Cool Treatment ◽  
Two Temperature

Seeds were collected from 10 lodgepole pine trees in each of five stands located in Utah, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia. Seeds were planted and seedlings grown in four day-length regimes (14, 15.5, 16.5, and 22 h) in each of two temperature regimes (warm and cool). Soils used in the warm and cool treatment were slightly different. Height and dry weight were recorded.Variability among families within populations was considerably greater than that among populations. If interactions between families of the two cone types (open and closed) are removed, correlation between among-family variance and differential family response to day length and temperature–soil treatments is strong for dry weight (r2 = 0.96), and less strong for height (r2 = 0.51). Families from open- and closed-cone mothers did not have different heights and dry weights, but in at least some of the populations were different in the degree of among-family variability.Correlation between greenhouse and 5th-year heights of field planted seedlings was poor for individual families, but good (r2 = 0.92) for mean population heights. Correlation between 5th-year mean population heights and site index of the parent stand was also good (r2 = 0.89).

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