Nonlinear Relation Between Smolts and Adults in Babine Lake Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Implications for Other Salmon Populations

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 904-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Marine Survival

Data on sampling variability in smolt abundance for Babine Lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are combined with a previous analysis to calculate a more accurate estimate of the degree of nonlinearity in the relation between smolts and adults. Results indicate significant within-stock nonlinear mortality, large variability in mortality which tends to obscure any smolt-to-adult relation, or both. Analysis of age structure data identifies the first 15 mo of marine life as the period when most of this nonlinear or relation-masking mortality occurs. I also calculate the amount of smolt measurement error below which other salmon stocks are classed as having nonlinear marine survival. A distinct separation between even and odd brood year marine survival of Babine Lake sockeye suggests interactions with pink salmon. Juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) abundances correlate positively with residuals in Babine Lake sockeye survival for the same seaward migration year. This suggests a depensatory mortality effect which occurs later in the marine life stage than the possible within-population compensatory effect. Depensation is plausible because the size of pink fry equals that of sockeye smolts by August in coastal waters, permitting mutual swamping of predators. The paper concludes with implications for further enhancement.Key words: density dependence, marine survival, measurement error, enhancement, depensation, nonlinear, variability

Model of Salmon Age Structure and Its Use in Preseason Forecasting and Studies of Marine Survival

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1444-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Salmon Stock ◽  
Marine Survival ◽  
Stock Abundance

A method is derived to determine whether ocean abundance of a salmon stock affects either the survival rate between particular ages or the proportion of the ocean population which migrates back to freshwater spawning areas. The approach, similar to Fredin's smolt indices method, uses data on brood-year contributions to adult returns in successive years. Survival rate and proportion maturing are found to be independent of stock abundance after age 3, except in Naknek River sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) data. In cases such as Babine Lake sockeye salmon, where nonlinearity has been identified previously in the relation between smolt abundance and total adult returns, this lack of density dependence in the older ages means that the mortality processes which cause that nonlinearity act early in smolt life. The relations between abundance of adult returns of age n in year t and returns of age n + 1 from the same brood class in year t + 1 are useful as preseason forecasting techniques. The method derived here, which uses logarithms of abundances, improves upon the existing forecasting method. Deviations from the relation between abundances of brood-year returns can in some cases be explained by smolt weight, which is shown to affect mean age at return.Key words: salmon age structure, marine survival, age-at-return, smolt weight, preseason forecasting

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake fertilization: Review and summary of results

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Hyatt ◽  
D J McQueen ◽  
K S Shortreed ◽  
D P Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Marine Survival ◽  
Lake Fertilization

We reviewed 24 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake experiments that involved whole-lake fertilization with appropriate treatment and control years. We found that: 21 of 21 studies showed that fertilization was associated with increased chlorophyll a concentrations, 16 of 16 showed increased zooplankton biomasses, 16 of 16 demonstrated increased average smolt weights, and 11 of 13 showed increased smolt biomasses. Studies involving assessments of egg-to-smolt survival were rare, but all (4 of 4) showed increased survival rates. Studies involving increased smolt-to-adult survival (i.e., marine survival) were even rarer, but all (3 of 3) showed that lake fertilization and increased smolt size were associated with increased marine survival. Several fertilization studies reported problems, and some offered solutions. For instance, when whole-lake fertilization stimulated the growth of blue-green algae, fertilizer with higher nitrogen to phosphorus ratios was used to control the problem. Conversely, when high nitrogen to phosphorus ratios were associated with blooms of ungrazable diatoms, notably Rhizosolenia eriensis, reduced nitrate concentrations were recommended. To date, solutions designed to constrain the growth of both blue-green algae and Rhizosolenia blooms remain elusive. Some studies showed that when both mysids (large invertebrate planktivores) and juvenile sockeye inhabit the same lake, sockeye suffer from a competitive disadvantage and mysids consume 80–90% of the available zooplanktonic food production. Similarly, a small number of studies demonstrated that competition from sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) adversely affected sockeye growth rates, and although the problem remains unresolved, ongoing work in lakes containing kokanee (O. nerka), suggests that stocked cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) may be capable of controlling stickleback densities through predation. Despite all of these difficulties, in almost all cases, when lakes were fertilized with various mixtures of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, pelagic food web bottom-up control was strong enough and predictable enough to ensure that sockeye smolt biomass increased. We conclude that sockeye nursery lake fertilization is a technique that can contribute usefully to both the enhancement and conservation of sockeye salmon populations. Key words: sockeye salmon, lake fertilization, bottom-up, aquatic food web.

Patterns of Interannual Variation in Age at Maturity of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Alaska and British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1595-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Freshwater Environment ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses

Interannual variations in mean age of maturity tend to be positively correlated among 10 stocks of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) which spawn in rivers emptying into Bristol Bay, Alaska. Taking a comparative approach, I utilized data from British Columbia and Alaska sockeye stocks with different life histories to test alternative hypotheses about sources of these variations in mean age at maturity. The hypotheses included freshwater environment, marine environment, and parental influences. Freshwater hypotheses were rejected and while some parental effects do exist, they are small compared with the effect of events in early marine life. Early marine growth rate data do not exist for these stocks but evidence from five other sockeye stocks shows that fast growth during this period tends to lead to earlier age at maturity.

scholarly journals TRAUMATIZATION BY LAMPREYS OF SOCKEYE SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (WALBAUM, 1792) IN THE MEYNYPIL’GYN LAKE-RIVER SYSTEM (KORYAK COAST OF CHUKOTKA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
E. V. Golub’ ◽  
A. P. Golub’
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Far East ◽  
River System ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Arctic Lamprey

Data on traumatization of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka spawners in the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system by lampreys are presented on results of observations in 1998– 2018. Features and localization of injuries are described comparing the injuries of males and females and biological parameters of fish with and without the injuries. In the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system, relative to other areas of Russian Far East, the portion of fish with injuries from lampreys is medium for sockeye salmon, and low for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and charr Salvеlinus malma. Judging by size of the wounds, the injuries were caused mostly by arctic lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus. Generally, about 68 % of sockeye spawners were attacked by lampreys during their pre-spawning migrations just before entering the fresh waters, but the percentage (P) depends on length (L) of fish: P = 1.2026 . L + 1.2192 (R2 = 0.879). So, the portion of injured fish increased from 2.7 % for the sockeye producers with length < 500 mm to 31.2 % for those with length 671–680 mm. Mean size and weight of the male and female sockeye spawners with traces of lampreys were statistically significantly higher than these parameters for the fish without injuries. The males injured by lampreys were larger than the males without injures in 18 mm and 295 g, the females — in 5 mm and 80 g, on average. Sockeye females had weaker and less numerous damages, so their portion among the fish with 1 injury was 45.4 %, among the fish with 2 injuries — 42.9 %, among the fish with 3 or more injures — 37.0 %. Besides, mean size of the injured sockeye increased with a number of injures and for the groups with 1, 2, and 3 or more injures it was for females: 604, 608, and 613 mm, for males: 655, 667, and 674 mm, respectively. Such dependencies of alive fish traumatization on their size are caused by higher mortality of small fish after lampreys attacks. There is concluded that arctic lamprey affects significantly on sexual and size composition of sockeye spawners in the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system providing selection of fish with larger size and weight, in particular males.

Energetic costs of migration through the Fraser River Canyon, British Columbia, in adult pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon as assessed by EMG telemetry

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1809-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Standen ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Michael C Healey ◽  
Anthony P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Lower Velocity

Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) depend on energy reserves to complete their upriver spawning migration. Little is known about how flow patterns and bank characteristics affect energetics or how species differ in reach-specific energy use. In 1999, electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to describe activity levels and estimate energy use of 12 adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) during their upstream migration in a 7-km section of the Fraser River Canyon. Data collected previously on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the same study area provided a species comparison. We could not identify any strong differences in energetics between species. Although sex had some influence, reach characteristics were the primary factors affecting migration activity and energetics. Fish increased their activity levels when they migrated through reaches constricted by islands or gravel bars compared with nonconstricted reaches. The former contained higher velocity currents and more complex hydraulic conditions than the latter. Two behavioural responses, with similar energetic consequences, occurred in constricted reaches. Either fish swam slowly and took more time, presumably searching for lower velocity areas for migration thus increasing passage time, or they swam quickly through higher velocity flow fields.

Effects of atrazine and chlorothalonil on the reproductive success, development, and growth of early life stage sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka )

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1354-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Du Gas ◽  
Peter S. Ross ◽  
Janessa Walker ◽  
Vicki L. Marlatt ◽  
Christopher J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage

Temperature effects on swimming performance, energetics, and aerobic capacities of mature adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) compared with those of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan J MacNutt ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Chris G Lee ◽  
James R Phibbs ◽  
Andrew G Lotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We assessed the prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit), metabolic rate (M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max), and oxygen cost of transport (COT) for upper Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792); 53.5 ± 0.7 cm FL) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792); 59.3 ± 0.8 cm FL) across a range of naturally occurring river temperatures using large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers. Pink salmon were capable of similar relative critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as sockeye salmon (2.25 FL·s–1), but sockeye salmon swam to a higher absolute Ucrit (125.9 cm·s–1) than pink salmon (116.4 cm·s–1) because of their larger size. Nevertheless, three individual pink salmon (Ucrit-max = 173.6 cm·s–1) swam faster than any sockeye salmon (Ucrit-max = 157.0 cm·s–1), indicating that pink salmon are far better swimmers than has been previously assumed. Metabolic rate increased exponentially with swimming speed in both species and was highest for pink salmon, but swimming efficiency (i.e., COT) did not differ between species at their optimal swimming speeds. The upper and lower limits of metabolism did not differ between species and both M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max increased exponentially with temperature, but aerobic costs of transport were independent of temperature in both species. Strong thermal dependence of both swimming performance and COT were expected but not demonstrated in either species. Overall, a higher degree of inter-individual variability in pink salmon swim performance and capacity suggests that this species might not be as locally adapted to particular river migration conditions as are sockeye salmon.

Sub-lethal effects of a neonicotinoid, clothianidin, on wild early life stage sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2019 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 105335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Lee Marlatt ◽  
Tsz Yin Ginny Leung ◽  
Sarah Calbick ◽  
Chris Metcalfe ◽  
Christopher Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Lethal Effects

Early marine growth of juvenile Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye salmon abundance

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip McKinnell ◽  
Maxine Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Average Survival

Mortality of salmon in the ocean is considered to be greatest during the first few months and that its magnitude is an inverse of growth. First year marine growth (M1) in two Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) populations was positively correlated, reflecting a shared oceanic experience as postsmolts. M1 declined abruptly in both populations after 1977, corresponding to a well-documented change in climate. The reduction in average M1 was not accompanied by a detectable reduction in average survival. In both populations, M1 was significantly greater in even years when juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) are abundant in the Strait of Georgia, suggesting that interspecific competition there has little effect on M1. All correlations of M1 with regional pink salmon or sockeye salmon abundances, lagged to align ocean entry years, were negative, but few (pink) or none (sockeye) were statistically significant. The negative correlations were due to the long-term changes (pink salmon abundance increasing, sockeye M1 smaller). Odd year dominance of juvenile pink salmon in northern British Columbia, Canada, is persistent and corresponds with the biennial pattern of M1 variation in Fraser River sockeye salmon and may be the source of the significant odd–even year line effect on M1.

Ocean Migrations of Pacific Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1227-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferris Neave
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Spawning Area ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
High Seas

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and chum salmon (O. keta) commonly return to their places of origin from distant high-seas areas. Maturing fish closely associated at high-seas localities travel in many different directions to their respective destinations. They also travel from many different high-seas localities to a common coastal area. Prior to their return to inshore waters, pink salmon perform ocean journeys which are associated with changes in temperature and which do not necessarily represent a direct approach to a spawning area. The ocean journeys of both juvenile and maturing salmon are largely independent of currents. Homing is not thought to be commonly accomplished by random or near-random ocean travel or by extensive searching of coastlines. It is suggested that ability to set a compass course, using a celestial feature, is insufficient to account for the indicated performance and that some form of bico-ordinate navigation may be required.

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