Stream Temperatures and Inter-Annual Variability in the Emigration Timing of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts and fry and Chum Salmon (O. Keta) Fry from Carnation Creek, British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1396-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Blair Holtby ◽  
Thomas E. McMahon ◽  
J. Charles Scrivener
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Median Date ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Laboratory Models

Variability in average stream temperatures between peak spawning and fry emergence accounted for 82 and 77% of the variance in the median emigration date of fry of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) respectively over a 9 to 10-yr period. The modeled relationships were indistinguishable from laboratory models that predicted time to maximum alevin wet weight. Variability in stream temperatures during the spring accounted for 60% of the variability in the median date of coho smolt emigration. As stream temperatures increased, the predicted thermal summations required for emigration were nearly constant for coho salmon fry, increased moderately for chum salmon fry and increased strongly for coho salmon smolts The duration of the emigration period also differed between the groups: 50% of the chum salmon fry emigrated over a 1-wk period compared with a 2- to 3-wk period for coho salmon fry and smolts. We speculate that the emigration timing —temperature relationships and timing of adult spawning represent adaptations for synchronizing emigration with "windows of opportunity" in the ocean or stream. The windows are of different widths and levels of predictability for coho and chum salmon fry and coho salmon smolts.

Fecundity of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (O. keta) in the northeast Pacific Ocean

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Salmon Stock ◽  
Northeast Pacific Ocean

Significant regional and annual variability in fecundity of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (O. keta) in British Columbia was detected during this investigation. A Kodiak Island (Alaska) coho salmon stock was more fecund than southern stocks in British Columbia and Washington. Fecundity ranged from 2450 to 2850 eggs per female at 53.6 cm postorbital–hypural length for Vancouver Island stocks to over 4400 eggs per female for a Kodiak Island stock at the same length. Chum stocks on Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands generally had fecundities less than 3200 eggs per female at 58.8 cm postorbital–hypural length, whereas chum of equal lengths in mainland British Columbia stocks ranged from 3200 to 3450 eggs per female. Older chum and coho were usually more fecund than younger ones, but this difference could be accounted for by differences in mean length-at-age, fecundity being related to body size.

Absence of Acute Effects on Threespine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Exposed to Resuspended Harbor Sediment Contaminants

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1240-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. LeGore ◽  
David M. DesVoigne
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Threespine Sticklebacks ◽  
Sediment Contaminants ◽  
Wet Weight

Threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were challenged in static 96-hr bioassays with suspensions of sediment from the Duwamish Waterway, Seattle, Wash. Doses of up to 5% wet weight (28.8 g/liter dry weight basis) were used. No observable effect on the fish of contaminants released from the sediment was elicited, although high levels of these contaminants, such as volatile solids, COD, organic nitrogen, oil and grease, zinc, and lead, were present.

Logging Impacts and Some Mechanisms that Determine the Size of Spring and Summer Populations of Coho Salmon Fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Scrivener ◽  
B. C. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Channel Morphology ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Logging Impacts

Natural patterns in emergence times, seaward movements, instream distributions, densities, and growth of coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) between March and September are contrasted with patterns observed during and after logging in the Carnation Creek watershed. After streamside logging in 1976–77, fry emerged up to 6 wk earlier and moved seaward more quickly than during years before logging. These observations are attributed to higher water temperatures during the winter and to emergence during a period of more frequent freshets. Increased fry movement from the stream could result in habitat being underutilized. In sections affected by intense streamside logging, the deposition of "fine" logging debris led to increased fry densities during the summers of 1977 and 1978. After major freshets in November 1978, which removed this fine debris and affected channel morphology in these sections, fry densities declined below those observed prior to logging. Growth rate of fry was inversely correlated with density in all stream sections. Growth rates, after correction for density, tended to be greater in all sections after the adjacent streamside was logged. Larger fry and more variable numbers of fry remained in the stream in September after logging than before logging. Their increased size is attributed to the longer growing season afforded by earlier emergence. This complex of interacting factors determines the number and size of fry in autumn and it can influence the production of smolts the following spring.

Influence of the Abundance, Size, and Yolk Reserves of Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) on Predation by Freshwater Fishes in a Small Coastal Stream

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt L. Fresh ◽  
Steven L. Schroder
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon ◽  
Controlled Flow ◽  
The Relationship

Predator–prey interactions between juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and piscivores were studied in a small coastal stream and in sections of a controlled-flow channel. The predators were primarily large [Formula: see text] rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and large [Formula: see text] coho salmon (O. kisutch). The relationship between chum salmon fry abundance and the quantity consumed by predators suggested a type II functional response. Neither prey size nor prey abundance influenced predation, but predators did select fry with relatively high yolk reserves. Our results suggest that the numbers of juvenile chum salmon needed to satiate predators and to enhance fry survival are attainable by enhancement projects located on smaller rivers and streams.

Role of Instream Rootwads as Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Steelhead Trout (O. mykiss) Cover Habitat Under Varying Streamflows

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Shirvell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Reduced Light

Coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead parr (O. mykiss) occupied previously infrequently-used mid-channel areas of Kloiya Creek, British Columbia, Canada, once artificial rootwads were placed there. Ninetynine percent of all coho salmon fry and 83% of steelhead parr occupied positions downstream of natural or artificial rootwads during artificially created drought, normal, and flood streamflows. Fish associated with rootwads regardless of distance from shore, but steelhead parr preferred rootwads away from shore while coho salmon fry preferred rootwads next to shore. Coho salmon fry increased their use of natural rootwads where currents were slow during floods, while steelhead parr increased their use of artificial and natural rootwads where light remained low during droughts. Young fish apparently selected areas having slower water 80% of the time because they provided shelter from adverse current, and areas having reduced light intensities 20% of the time because they provided protection from predators, juvenile coho salmon and steelhead in Kloiya Creek selected locations with slower water velocities and reduced light intensities irrespective of the physical structure that caused them.

Changes in Body Chloride, Density, and Water Content of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho (O. kisutch) Salmon Fry when Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water

1951 ◽  
Vol 8b (3) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Safford Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Salmon Fry

Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum and coho salmon fry were measured when these fish were transferred from fresh water to sea water, and the reverse. Both species tolerated 50% sea water (8–9‰ Cl). Chum fry survived direct transfer from fresh water to sea water (15–17‰ Cl), but showed a marked increase in body chloride during the first 12 hours, followed by a return to the normal range between 12 and 24 hours. Coho, however, died within the first 36 hours, after a 60% increase in chloride. Coho fry lost more water than chum fry after introduction to sea water. The density of both species approximated that of the water within an hour of transfer to the new medium. When returned to fresh water after 12 hours in sea water the body chloride, density, and water content of both species regained normal levels within 10 hours. Chum salmon go to sea as fry, whereas cohos remain in fresh water a year or more. Although coho fry seem capable of some adjustment to sea water after a preliminary period in 50% sea water, permanent acclimatization could not be demonstrated under the experimental conditions.

On the structure and enzymatic degradation of the external membrane of the salmon egg

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Bell ◽  
Gary E. Hoskins ◽  
John W. Bagshaw
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Enzyme ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Optimum Ph

The radiate membrane ("capsule") of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eggs has integrated with it another, outermost, non-chitinous membrane which prevents the digestion of the radiate membrane by "hatching enzyme" of chum salmon or by pronase applied externally but not internally. Crude chum salmon hatching enzyme(s) has an optimum pH of 7.5–8.0 for the release of soluble peptides from the radiate membrane, requires metal ions for activity, and can also decompose the radiate membranes of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) eggs.

Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxosporida) Disease in Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1640-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Margolis ◽  
T. P. T. Evelyn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
New Host ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

Infections with the myxosporidan Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 were confirmed in four juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caught at sea near Nanaimo in 1965 and 1968. These cases represent a new host record for C. shasta and a northward extension of the parasite’s known natural range. Ceratomyxosis was also presumptively diagnosed in a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in British Columbia.

Effect of egg size on incubation time and alevin and fry size in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
F. C. Withler ◽  
R. B. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Variability in hatching time, time of exogenous yolk absorption ("button up") of alevins, alevin size, and fry size was investigated with respect to initial egg size for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). There was no significant difference with respect to egg size in hatching time of the alevins (stage between hatching and emergence from the redd) or time of exogenous yolk absorption for either species. For both species, alevins hatching from large eggs were longer and had greater amounts of yolk than those hatching from small eggs. Tissue weights of the alevins were not different. The differences in size between these two groups of alevins were maintained throughout the alevin stage and were greater at exogenous yolk absorption than at hatching. Fry (newly emerged, free-swimming young) derived from large eggs had greater tissue weight at exogenous yolk absorption than those derived from small eggs.

Effects of Forest Harvesting on Spawning Gravel and Incubation Survival of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Scrivener ◽  
M. J. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Annual Changes

Following logging, pea gravel and sand (i.e. fines) in the stream bed of Carnation Creek, British Columbia increased 4.6 and 5.7%, respectively. The quantity of fines was greater in the bottom layer, while the frequency and magnitude of changes in composition were greater in the top layer of streambed cores. Changes in streambed fines depended on the timing and type of streamside logging and on the timing of large freshets. Accumulating fines appeared to originate from erosion of streambanks or from upstream storage areas and they were transported as bedload. Suspended sediment (11.4–44.5 t∙km−2∙yr−1) did not increase after road construction or logging. Deposition and scour rates of pea gravel and sand in the streambed were inversely related to particle size, and to their depth in the bed. Following logging, survival to emergence declined from 29.1 to 16.4% for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and from 22.2 to 11.5% for chum salmon (O. keta). Annual mean survival to emergence and size of fry of both species were positively related to two indices of substrate composition. Annual changes in substrate composition and peak flows explained 60 and 73% of the variability in survival to emergence for chum and coho salmon, respectively.

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