Effects of Ammonium and Nitrate on Growth and Domoic Acid Production by Nitzschia pungens in Batch Culture

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1248-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Bates ◽  
Jean Worms ◽  
John C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Nitzschia Pungens

Four clones of Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries (toxin-producing form) and two of N. pungens f. pungens (nontoxic) were grown in batch culture at initial nitrogen concentrations of 55, 110, 220, 440, and 880 μM in the form of either nitrate or ammonium. As expected, only N. pungens f. multiseries clones produced the neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA). Ammonium at 880 μM prevented the growth of all N. pungens clones but not of Skeletonema costatum, although division rate was reduced. At 440 μM, ammonium lowered the cell yield obtained during the stationary phase, inhibited photosynthesis, and caused a lag phase during which DA was produced (by f. multiseries). At 220 and 440 μM ammonium, in contrast with the same concentrations of nitrate, stationary phase cellular DA production was enhanced by two- to fourfold. At 110 and 55 μM nitrogen, cell yield and DA production were equivalent for nitrate and ammonium but less DA was produced relative to the higher nitrogen concentrations, possibly due to nitrogen depletion. Enhanced production of DA at elevated ammonium concentrations may be a response to ammonia toxicity. This could be a useful tool for studying mechanisms of DA production and for maximizing the yield of this valuable toxin in large-scale cultures.

Zinc–Phosphorus Interactions and Variation in Zinc Accumulation during Growth of Chlamydomonas variabilis (Chlorophyceae) in Batch Culture

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Bates ◽  
André Tessier ◽  
Peter G. C. Campbell ◽  
Martin Létourneau
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Intracellular Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Insoluble Phosphorus ◽  
High Concentrations

Concentrations of EDTA-extractable zinc ([Zn]a ~ surface-bound zinc) and non-EDTA-extractable zinc ([Zn]c ~ transported zinc) were measured over the growth cycle of Chlamydomonas variabilis Dangeard growing in pH-controlled batch culture in the presence of six concentrations of free ionic zinc. Values of [Zn]a generally decreased throughout the growth cycle in batch culture, the exact pattern of change depending on whether the cells used to inoculate the experiment were obtained from a stock culture in the exponential or stationary growth phase. Concentrations of cellular TCA-insoluble phosphorus (polyphosphate) also declined throughout the growth cycle. Values of [Zn]c increased linearly throughout the exponential phase for growth at all zinc concentrations studied, but during the stationary phase they either reached a plateau for growth at 1.4 and 8.4 μmol Zn2+∙L−1, continued to increase linearly for growth at 13.2, 15.8, and 20.6 μmol Zn2+∙L−1, or declined for growth at 25.4 μmol Zn2+∙L−1. The cell yield of C. variabilis during the stationary phase was significantly decreased (by up to 90%) for growth in the presence of high concentrations of free ionic zinc. These cells also contained significantly more phosphorus than those grown in the presence of low free ionic zinc concentrations, but did not remove all of the initially added phosphorus from the growth medium. We hypothesize that cellular polyphosphate binds the transported zinc. As the concentration of cellular polyphosphate declines with increasing culture age, a portion of the previously bound intracellular zinc is released into the cell and exceeds a critical threshold, disrupting phosphorus metabolism, interfering with cell division, and decreasing cell yield.

Controls on Domoic Acid Production by the Diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries in Culture: Nutrients and Irradïance

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1136-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Bates ◽  
A. S. W. de Freitas ◽  
J. E. Milley ◽  
R. Pocklington ◽  
M. A. Quilliam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Nitzschia Pungens

Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries (clone NPARL) was grown in nonaxenic batch culture under a range of growth conditions. Domoic acid (DA) was not detected during exponential growth, but production promptly started at a rate of approximately 1 pg DA∙cell−1∙d−1 at the onset of the stationary phase, in this case induced by silicate limitation. Cellular DA reached a maximum of 7 pg∙cell−1; thereafter, DA production continued at the same rate, with cellular levels remaining relatively constant due to concurrent release of DA into the culture medium. DA production ceased in the absence of nitrogen during the stationary phase, but resumed when nitrate was added back to the medium. Low irradiance slowed the division rate and consequently delayed the attainment of the stationary phase, but DA production rates were comparable with the control once stationary phase was reached. Cells during the dark period of a light–dark cycle, or placed into darkness, or in the presence of the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU promptly ceased DA production. We conclude that at least three conditions are required for DA production by clone NPARL: cessation of cell division, availability of nitrogen during the stationary phase, and the presence of light. Growth in medium f/2 fulfils these requirements.

Production of Domoic Acid, a Neurotoxic Amino Acid, by an Axenic Culture of the Marine Diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries Hasle

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Douglas ◽  
Stephen S. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Nitzschia Pungens

A microbially contaminated culture of Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries (clone TKA-2) was treated with gentamicin followed by a combination of penicillin and streptomycin. An axenic culture was successfully isolated as evidenced by sterility tests using four different nutrient enrichment media and examination by epifluorescence microscopy. The isolate had a specific division rate (0.65∙d−1) comparable with that reported for nonaxenic cultures. The axenic culture produced domoic acid (DA) during the lag and stationary phases, when cell division rates were low or zero, but not during exponential growth. Production of DA resumed within 1 d after cell division ceased and reached 0.5 pg DA∙cell−1∙d−1 2–3 d after the onset of the stationary phase. A maximum concentration of 2.0 pg DA∙cell−1 was reached after 6 d in stationary phase. Our results provide the first evidence that N. pungens f. multiseries produces DA in the absence of other microorganisms.

scholarly journals Mating of 2 Laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Resulted in Enhanced Production of 2-Phenylethanol by Biotransformation of L-Phenylalanine

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mierzejewska ◽  
Aleksandra Tymoszewska ◽  
Karolina Chreptowicz ◽  
Kamil Krol
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Aromatic Alcohol ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
First Time

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an aromatic alcohol with a rosy scent which is widely used in the food, fragrance, and cosmetic industries. Promising sources of natural 2-PE are microorganisms, especially yeasts, which can produce 2-PE by biosynthesis and biotransformation. Thus, the first challenging goal in the development of biotechnological production of 2-PE is searching for highly productive yeast strains. In the present work, 5 laboratory <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> strains were tested for the production of 2-PE. Thereafter, 2 of them were hybridized by a mating procedure and, as a result, a new diploid, <i>S. cerevisiae</i> AM1-d, was selected. Within the 72-h batch culture in a medium containing 5 g/L of <smlcap>L</smlcap>-phenylalanine, AM1-d produced 3.83 g/L of 2-PE in a shaking flask. In this way, we managed to select the diploid <i>S. cerevisiae</i> AM1-d strain, showing a 3- and 5-fold increase in 2-PE production in comparison to parental strains. Remarkably, the enhanced production of 2-PE by the hybrid of 2 yeast laboratory strains is demonstrated here for the first time.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter baylyi Starvation-Induced Genes Identified through Incubation in Long-Term Stationary Phase

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (14) ◽  
pp. 4905-4908 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Phoebe Lostroh ◽  
Bruce A. Voyles
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Hypothetical Proteins ◽  
Acinetobacter Baylyi ◽  
Metabolic Gene Expression ◽  
Induced Genes ◽  
Dna Maintenance

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter species encounter cycles of feast and famine in nature. We show that populations of A cinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1 remain dynamic for 6 weeks in batch culture. We created a library of lacZ reporters inserted into SalI sites in the genome and then isolated 30 genes with lacZ insertions whose expression was induced by starvation during long-term stationary phase compared with their expression during exponential growth. The genes encode metabolic, gene expression, DNA maintenance, envelope, and conserved hypothetical proteins.

Associations Between Cellular Levels of ATP and Prodigiosin Pigment Throughout the Growth Cycle of Serratia marcescens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pryce L. Haddix
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Density Growth

ABSTRACT Serratia marcescens is a prolific producer of the red, membrane-associated pigment prodigiosin. Earlier work has established both a positive role for prodigiosin in ATP production during population lag phase and a negative role during high-rate, low cell density growth. This study uses the growth rate and growth phase modulation afforded by chemostat culture to extend prodigiosin functional analysis to the high density and stationary phases. Cellular levels of prodigiosin were positively associated with cellular levels of ATP during high-density growth, and artificial pigment induction during this phase increased cellular ATP. Following peak high density ATP per cell, early stationary phase enabled significant population growth while prodigiosin levels remained high and ATP declined. During late stationary phase, ATP per cell was positively associated with prodigiosin per cell while both declined during continued growth. These results provide correlational evidence for multiple effects of prodigiosin pigment on ATP production throughout the growth cycle. Earlier work and the data presented here enable formulation of a working model for the oscillating relationships between cellular levels of ATP and prodigiosin during batch culture.

GROWTH STUDIES ON ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS: II. CHANGES IN MACROMOLECULAR LEVELS DURING GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Phase Cell ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Differential Rate ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dna And Protein Synthesis

Changes in macromolecular levels (RNA, DNA, protein) have been followed during the growth cycle of A. globiformis. When a stationary phase culture is transferred to fresh medium a 12-fold increase in RNA level and 6-fold increases in DNA and protein levels are observed during the predivisional lag phase. Initially RNA synthesis precedes DNA and protein synthesis but all reach the same differential rate 2 to 3 hours prior to division. During the predivisional lag period the RNA/protein ratio per cell expands from 0.19 to 0.36. Once division occurs, cells of A. globiformis remain in the enlarged pleomorphic form until the medium becomes limiting; at this time synthesis of macromolecules ceases and the continued division (three to four generations) results in progressively smaller cells until the coccoid stationary phase cell-type is reached.

Inhibition of Listeria in Buffer, Broth, and Milk by Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin Produced by Enterococcus faecium

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUGENIO PARENTE ◽  
COLIN HILL
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Listeria Innocua ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Slow Decrease ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship

Enterocin 1146, a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium. DPC1146, has a rapid bactericidal effect on Listeria in buffer systems, broth, and milk. In trypticase soy broth, increasing the bacteriocin dose and/or decreasing the pH extended the lag phase of Listeria innocua. A logarithmic relationship was found between response (as proportion of survivors or growth compared to a control) and dose. Increasing the inoculum level of the indicator reduced the effectiveness of enterocin 1146. Log-phase cells of L. innocua were more resistant than stationary-phase cells in both broth and buffer systems. In milk treated with 250 arbitrary units of enterocin 1146/ml and inoculated with 103 or 105 CFU/ml of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, populations reached only 5–14% of the control after 24 h at 30°C, with numbers exceeding 107, while at 6°C a slow decrease in population was found.

scholarly journals The Growth Advantage in Stationary-Phase PhenotypeConferred by rpoS Mutations Is Dependent on the pH andNutrientEnvironment

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (24) ◽  
pp. 7044-7052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Farrell ◽  
Steven E. Finkel
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Casamino Acids

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli cells that are aged in batch culture display an increased fitness referred to as the growth advantage in stationary phase, or GASP, phenotype. A common early adaptation to this culture environment is a mutant rpoS allele, such as rpoS819, that results in attenuated RpoS activity. However, it is important to note that during long-term batch culture, environmental conditions are in flux. To date, most studies of the GASP phenotype have focused on identifying alleles that render an advantage in a specific environment, Luria-Bertani broth (LB) batch culture. To determine what role environmental conditions play in rendering relative fitness advantages to E. coli cells carrying either the wild-type or rpoS819 alleles, we performed competitions under a variety of culture conditions in which either the available nutrients, the pH, or both were manipulated. In LB medium, we found that while the rpoS819 allele confers a strong competitive fitness advantage at basic pH, it confers a reduced advantage under neutral conditions, and it is disadvantageous under acidic conditions. Similar results were found using other media. rpoS819 conferred its greatest advantage in basic minimal medium in which either glucose or Casamino Acids were the sole source of carbon and energy. In acidic medium supplemented with either Casamino Acids or glucose, the wild-type allele conferred a slight advantage. In addition, populations were dynamic under all pH conditions tested, with neither the wild-type nor mutant rpoS alleles sweeping a culture. We also found that the strength of the fitness advantage gained during a 10-day incubation is pH dependent.

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