scholarly journals Comparison between old and young men for changes in makers of muscle damage following voluntary eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Lavender ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Elbow Flexors

This study aimed to investigate if old men were more susceptible than young men to muscle damage induced by exercise consisting of repeated-lengthening muscle actions. The responses to a bout of eccentric exercise were compared between 10 young (mean age ± SEM = 19.4 ± 0.4 y) and 10 old (70.5 ± 1.5 y) men. All subjects performed 6 sets of 5 lengthening actions of the left elbow flexors at a range of 90° from an elbow flexed (90°) to an extended (180°) position in 5 s using a dumbbell massed at 40% maximal isometric strength (MVC) at an elbow joint angle of 90°. Changes in MVC, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), muscle soreness (DOMS), plasma creatine kinase activity (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) concentration over 7-10 d following exercise were compared between groups by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences between groups were evident at baseline for ROM (significantly smaller for the older group) and CIR (significantly larger for the older group), but not for MVC and other measures. Contrary to the hypothesis, the young group showed significantly larger decreases in MVC and ROM and larger increases in circumference, DOMS, CK activity, and Mb con centration than those of the old group. These results suggest that muscle damage is not necessarily greater in old versus young men following voluntary eccentric exercise. It may be that physiological changes that occur with ageing, including a decrease in ROM, reduce damaging stress to muscles during lengthening muscle actions.Key words: ageing, maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, creatine kinase, myoglobin.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Protective Effect Against Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Michael J. Newton ◽  
Paul Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Exercise Induced

A single bout of eccentric exercise confers a long-lasting protective effect against subsequent bouts of the same exercise. This study investigated how the protective effect was lessened when the interval between the initial and secondary exercise bouts was increased from 4 to 12 weeks. Thirty young men performed two bouts of 12 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors of the nondominant arm separated by either 4 (n = 9), 8 (n = 10), or 12 (n = 11) weeks. Maximal isometric strength, flexed and relaxed elbow joint angles, range of motion, upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were measured before, immediately after, and for 4 days after exercise. Changes in criterion measures were compared between bouts for each group and among groups by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. There were no significant differences among groups in the changes in all measures following the first bout. Significantly (p <  0.05) smaller responses in all measures were observed after the second bout as compared with first bout for the 4 and 8 weeks, but only in strength, muscle soreness, CK, and Mb for the 12 weeks. It was concluded that some aspects of the protective effect were attenuated after 8 weeks, and the factors responsible for the effect vary among the measures. Key words: maximal isometric strength, creatine kinase, myoglobin, range of motion, muscle soreness

Is isometric strength loss immediately after eccentric exercise related to changes in indirect markers of muscle damage?

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Dale Chapman ◽  
Mike Newton ◽  
Paul Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Strong Correlate

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of maximal isometric strength (MVC) loss immediately following eccentric exercise (MVC-post) would relate to changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage following exercise. Eighty-nine men were recruited from the same student population and performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Commonly used markers of muscle damage such as relaxed and flexed elbow joint angles, range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) between change in MVC-post and other markers of muscle damage, as well as MVC during recovery days, were calculated. Changes in MVC-post ranged from -72.8% to -17.6%, and correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MVC at 1 (r = 0.59), 2 (0.63), 3 (0.61), and 4 (0.62) d after exercise. Reduction in MVC-post also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with changes in relaxed (r = 0.50) and flexed elbow joint angles (-0.40), ROM (0.55), arm circumference (-0.45), peak palpation (-0.34) and extension muscle soreness (-0.48), and peak CK activity (-0.59). However, the r values were not necessarily high, and MVC-post poorly reflected the distribution of some measures, such as peak CK activity (124 - 50 440 IU·L-1). These results suggest that MVC-post is not a strong correlate of the changes in markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.Key words: maximal isometric strength, plasma CK activity, ROM, swelling, muscle soreness.

Low-intensity eccentric contractions of the knee extensors and flexors protect against muscle damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1004-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Ju Lin ◽  
Trevor Chung-Ching Chen ◽  
Hsin-Lian Chen ◽  
Bo-Han Wu ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Low Intensity

This study investigated the magnitude and duration of the protective effect of low-intensity eccentric contractions (LowEC) against damage induced by maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) of the knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE). Young men were assigned to 8 experimental groups and 2 control groups (n = 13/group); the experimental groups performed LowEC of KF or KE 2 days (2d), 1 week (1wk), 2 weeks (2wk), or 3 weeks (3wk) before MaxEC, while the control groups performed MaxEC of KF or KE without LowEC. The 2d, 1wk, 2wk, and 3wk groups performed 30 LowEC of KF or 60 LowEC of KE with a load of 10% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength on a resistance-training machine, and all groups performed 30 MaxEC of KF or 60 MaxEC of KE on an isokinetic dynamometer. Several muscle damage markers were measured from before to 2 days after exercise (LowEC) or from before to 5 days after exercise (MaxEC). No significant changes in any variables were evident after LowEC. The changes in all variables after MaxEC were smaller (P < 0.05) for the 2d and 1wk groups (e.g., peak creatine kinase activity: 1002 ± 501 IU/L; peak muscle soreness: 13 ± 5 mm) than for the control group (peak creatine kinase activity: 3005 ± 983 IU/L; peak muscle soreness 28 ± 6 mm) for both KE and KF. There were no significant differences between the 2d and 1wk groups or among the 2wk, 3wk, and control groups. These results show that LowEC provided 30%–66% protection against damage induced by MaxEC of KF and KE, and the protective effect lasted 1 week.

scholarly journals Effect of Body Fat Percentage on Muscle Damage Induced by High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3476
Author(s):  
Eun-Jung Yoon ◽  
Jooyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Group Time ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to investigate the impact of percent body fat (%BF) on muscle damage after high-intensity eccentric exercise. Thirty healthy male undergraduates (mean age: 22.0 ± 2 years, height: 176.9 ± 5 cm, weight: 75.8 ± 11.6 kg) participated in this study, and they were classified according to their %BF into a high %fat group (HFG, ≥20%, n = 15) and a low %fat group (LFG, ≤15%, n = 15). For eccentric exercise, two sets of 25 reps were performed on a modified preacher curl machine using the elbow flexor muscle. Maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness (passive and active), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were measured as indices of muscle damage. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. The results show that there is a significant group–time interaction for both CK and Mb after eccentric exercise (p = 0.007, p = 0.015, respectively), with a greater increase in the HFG than in the LFG. However, there was no significant group–time interaction for maximal isometric strength and muscle soreness (passive and active) (p > 0.05). These results suggest that %BF is a factor that alters the muscle damage indices CK and Mb, which indicate membrane disruption, after eccentric exercise.

Gender differences in muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2325-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stupka ◽  
S. Lowther ◽  
K. Chorneyko ◽  
J. M. Bourgeois ◽  
C. Hogben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Positive Staining

Unaccustomed exercise is followed by delayed-onset muscle soreness and morphological changes in skeletal muscle. Animal studies have demonstrated that women have an attenuated response to muscle damage. We studied the effect of eccentric exercise in untrained male ( n = 8) and female ( n = 8) subjects using a unilateral exercise design [exercise (Ex) and control (Con) legs]. Plasma granulocyte counts [before (Pre) and 48 h after exercise (+48h)] and creatine kinase activity [Pre, 24 h after exercise (+24h), +48h, and 6 days after exercise (+6d)] were determined before (Pre) and after (+24h, +48h, +6d) exercise, with biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis of each leg at +48h for determination of muscle damage and/or inflammation. Plasma granulocyte counts increased for men and decreased for women at +48h ( P < 0.05), and creatine kinase activity increased for both genders at +48h and +6d ( P < 0.01). There were significantly greater areas of both focal ( P < 0.001) and extensive ( P < 0.01) damage in the Ex vs. Con leg for both genders, which was assessed by using toluidine blue staining. The number of leukocyte common antigen-positive cells/mm2 tissue increased with exercise ( P< 0.05), and men tended to show more in their Ex vs. Con leg compared with women ( P = 0.052). Men had a greater total (Ex and Con legs) number of bcl-2-positive cells/mm2 tissue vs. women ( P < 0.05). Atrophic fibers with homogeneous bcl-2-positive staining were seen only in men ( n = 3). We conclude that muscle damage is similar between genders, yet the inflammatory response is attenuated in women vs. men. Finally, exercise may stimulate the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis in skeletal muscle.

Relations between muscle soreness and biochemical and functional outcomes of eccentric exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2976-2983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Rodenburg ◽  
P. R. Bar ◽  
R. W. De Boer
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Force Extension ◽  
Objective Outcomes ◽  
Male Subjects

Correlations between functional and biochemical outcomes of eccentric exercise and between these outcomes and “delayed-onset muscle soreness” (DOMS) were studied. Maximal isotonic force, extension and flexion angle of the elbow, creatine kinase activity, and myoglobin concentration in serum were measured in 27 male subjects during 5 days after 120 maximal eccentric contractions of the forearm flexors. Significant correlations were found between values at 1 to 96 h after exercise for force (r = 0.55 to 0.96), flexion (0.52 to 0.94), extension (0.41 to 0.95), and myoglobin (0.55 to 0.97) and at 24 to 96 h for creatine kinase (0.67 to 0.96) and DOMS (0.45 to 0.72). Clusters of significant correlations (0.32 to 0.91) were found among all functional and biochemical measures. DOMS, however, showed only few and lower correlations with the other parameters (0.34 to 0.63). These results can practically be interpreted as follows: 1) subjects need more time to recover completely when early deviations after eccentric exercise are large, 2) a large change in one measure is accompanied by large deviations in other measures, and 3) objective outcomes of eccentric exercise are more accurate parameters than a DOMS score for use in effect studies.

Evidence of skeletal muscle damage following electrically stimulated isometric muscle contractions in humans

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1620-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail L. Mackey ◽  
Jens Bojsen-Moller ◽  
Klaus Qvortrup ◽  
Henning Langberg ◽  
Charlotte Suetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

It is unknown whether muscle damage at the level of the sarcomere can be induced without lengthening contractions. To investigate this, we designed a study where seven young, healthy men underwent 30 min of repeated electrical stimulated contraction of m. gastrocnemius medialis, with the ankle and leg locked in a fixed position. Two muscle biopsies were collected 48 h later: one from the stimulated muscle and one from the contralateral leg as a control. The biopsies were analyzed immunohistochemically for inflammatory cell infiltration and intermediate filament disruption. Ultrastructural changes at the level of the z-lines were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Blood samples were collected for measurement of creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness was assessed in the days following stimulation. The biopsies from the stimulated muscle revealed macrophage infiltration and desmin-negative staining in a small percentage of myofibers in five and four individuals, respectively. z-Line disruption was evident at varying magnitudes in all subjects and displayed a trend toward a positive correlation ( r = 0.73, P = 0.0663) with the force produced by stimulation. Increased muscle soreness in all subjects, combined with a significant increase in creatine kinase activity ( P < 0.05), is indirectly suggestive of muscle damage, and the novel findings of the present study, i.e., 1) macrophages infiltration, 2) lack of desmin staining, and 3) z-line disruption, provide direct evidence of damage at the myofiber and sarcomere levels. These data support the hypothesis that muscle damage at the level of the sarcomere can be induced without lengthening muscle contractions.

scholarly journals Effects of Far‐Infrared Emitting Ceramic Material Clothing on Recovery After Maximal Eccentric Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Renan Felipe Hartmann Nunes ◽  
Naiandra Dittrich ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Marília Cavalcante Serpa ◽  
Tiago Martins Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽  
Delayed Onset

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials worn as Bioceramic pants would improve neuromuscular performance, biochemical and perceptual markers in healthy individuals after maximal eccentric exercise. Twenty-two moderately active men were randomized into Bioceramic (n = 11) or Placebo (n = 11) groups. To induce muscle damage, three sets of 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the quadriceps were performed at 60°·s-1. Participants wore the bioceramic or placebo pants for 2 hours immediately following the protocol, and then again for 2 hours prior to each subsequent testing session at 24, 48 and 72 hours post. Plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, delayed-onset muscle soreness, perceived recovery status, and maximal voluntary contraction were measured pre-exercise and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage as evident in significant increases in delayed-onset muscle soreness at 24 - 72 hours (p < 0.05) and creatine kinase between Pre to 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours (p < 0.05). Despite the increased delayed-onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase values, no effect of Bioceramic was evident (p > 0.05). Furthermore, decreases in maximal voluntary contraction between Pre and immediately, 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post (p < 0.05) were reported. However, the standardized difference was moderate lower for lactate dehydrogenase at 24 h (ES = 0.50), but higher at 48 h (ES = -0.58) in the Bioceramic compared to the Placebo group. Despite inducing muscle damage, the daily use of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials clothing over 72 hours did not facilitate recovery after maximal eccentric exercise.

Changes in Plasma Zinc Following High Force Eccentric Exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Priscilla M. Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Plasma Zinc ◽  
Concentric Exercise ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Zinc Levels ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

This study was done to determine whether eccentric exercise that causes muscle damage will produce an increase in plasma levels of zinc. Changes in total plasma zinc concentration (Zn) were examined following an eccentric and concentric exercise of the forearm flexors. Eight female subjects performed 24 maximal concentric actions (CON) with one arm and 10-14 days later performed 24 maximal eccentric actions (ECC) with the other arm. Maximal isometric force, elbow joint angles at a relaxed (RANG) and flexed position (FANG), muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured as indicators of muscle damage. Zn levels were determined at the same time as CK. Maximal isometric force, RANG, FANG, and muscle soreness showed large changes after ECC but little if any change after CON. CK increased significantly after ECC but did not change after CON. Neither ECC nor CON showed significant changes in Zn following exercise. If: is concluded that exercise-induced muscle damage does not appear to produce an increase in plasma zinc levels.

scholarly journals Two maximal isometric contractions attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Lian Chen ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Alan J. Pearce ◽  
Trevor C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study investigated whether maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC-ISO) would attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Young untrained men were placed into one of the two experimental groups or one control group (n = 13 per group). Subjects in the experimental groups performed either two or 10 MVC-ISO of the elbow flexors at a long muscle length (20° flexion) 2 days prior to 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Subjects in the control group performed the eccentric contractions without MVC-ISO. No significant changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction peak torque, peak torque angle, range of motion, upper arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and myoglobin concentration, muscle soreness, and ultrasound echo intensity were evident after MVC-ISO. Changes in the variables following eccentric contractions were smaller (P < 0.05) for the 2 MVC-ISO group (e.g., peak torque loss at 5 days after exercise, 23% ± 3%; peak CK activity, 1964 ± 452 IU·L–1; peak muscle soreness, 46 ± 4 mm) or the 10 MVC-ISO group (13% ± 3%, 877 ± 198 IU·L–1, 30 ± 4 mm) compared with the control (34% ± 4%, 6192 ± 1747 IU·L–1, 66 ± 5 mm). The 10 MVC-ISO group showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in all variables following eccentric contractions compared with the 2 MVC-ISO group. Therefore, two MVC-ISO conferred potent protective effects against muscle damage, whereas greater protective effect was induced by 10 MVC-ISO, which can be used as a strategy to minimize muscle damage.

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