Physiological Responses to Specific Maximal Exercise Tests for Cross-Country Skiing

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip B. Watts ◽  
Jon Eric Sulentic ◽  
Kip M. Drobish ◽  
Timothy P. Gibbons ◽  
Victoria S. Newbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country

The present study attempted to quantify differences in peak physiological responses to pole-striding (PS), double poling on roller skis (DP), and diagonal striding on roller skis (DS) during maximal exercise. Six expert cross-country ski racers (3 M, 3 F) with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.3 yrs served as subjects. Testing was conducted on a motorized ski treadmill with a tracked belt surface. Expired air was analyzed continuously via an automated open-circuit system and averaged each 20 s. Heart rate was monitored via telemetry and arterialized blood was collected within 1 min of test termination and analyzed immediately for lactate. Peak values for heart rate and blood lactate did not differ among techniques. Peak oxygen uptake was higher for PS and DS versus DP whereas no difference was found between PS and DS. The VO2 peak for DP was 77 and 81% of VO2 peak for PS and DS, respectively. It was concluded that despite similar peak heart rate and blood lactate values, DP elicits a lower VO2 peak than DS or PS and that PS responses appear to closely reflect those of DS. Key words: exercise testing, maximum oxygen uptake, roller skiing, specificity of exercise, x-c skiing

scholarly journals Borg’s category ratio-scale (CR-10) is useful to predict the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in young Mexicans adults, regardless their body mass

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez ◽  
Abraham Wall Medrano ◽  
Marco Antonio Hernández Lepe ◽  
Gregorio Chávez Treviño ◽  
Jaime Guereca Arvizuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ratio Scale ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation

Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of Borg’s category ratio-scale (CR-10; 1-10) toward the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Methods: 91 young Mexicans performed three non-consecutive sub-maximal exercise tests. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate and oxygen uptake were recorded at each CR-10 rating. Regression equations, reliable HR and CR-10 cut-off points of OBLA were then calculated. Results: HR (86 beats/min) and CR-10 (4.5) predicted OBLA with the same certainty, regardless the subject’s body mass. CR-10, HR and oxygen uptake, independently explained more than 60% of the associated variance to OBLA. Conclusions: CR-10 is useful to predict OBLA with almost the same certainty that HR, regardless the subject’s body mass.

scholarly journals Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Andersson ◽  
Irina Hämberg ◽  
Paulo Cesar Do Nascimento Salvador ◽  
Kerry McGawley
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare physiological factors and cycle characteristics during cross-country (XC) roller-skiing at matched inclines and speeds using the double-poling (DP) and diagonal-stride (DS) sub-techniques in junior female and male XC skiers. Methods Twenty-three well-trained junior XC skiers (11 women, 12 men; age 18.2 ± 1.2 yr.) completed two treadmill roller-skiing tests in a randomized order using either DP or DS. The exercise protocols were identical and included a 5 min warm-up, 4 × 5 min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion, all performed at a 5° incline. Results No significant three-way interactions were observed between sex, submaximal exercise intensity, and sub-technique. For the pooled sample, higher values were observed for DP versus DS during submaximal exercise for the mean oxygen uptake kinetics response time (33%), energy cost (18%), heart rate (HR) (9%), blood lactate concentration (5.1 versus 2.1 mmol·L−1), rating of perceived exertion (12%), and cycle rate (25%), while cycle length was lower (19%) (all P < 0.001). During the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test, peak oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak), peak HR, and peak oxygen pulse were 8%, 2%, and 6% lower, respectively, for DP than DS, with a 29% shorter TTE during DP (pooled data, all P < 0.001). Conclusion In well-trained junior XC skiers, DP was found to exert a greater physiological load than DS during uphill XC roller-skiing at submaximal intensities. During the TTE test, both female and male athletes were able to ski for longer and reached markedly higher $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak values when using DS compared to DP.

Effect of graded epinephrine infusion on blood lactate response to exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1206-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Turner ◽  
E. T. Howley ◽  
H. Tanaka ◽  
M. Ashraf ◽  
D. R. Bassett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Control Test ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Graded Exercise

In an attempt to determine whether the lactate threshold (LT) is the result of a sudden increase in plasma epinephrine (Epi), eight healthy college-aged males (22.4 +/- 0.4 yr) were recruited to perform three cycle ergometer exercise tests. Each subject performed a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine LT, Epi threshold, and norepinephrine threshold (64.6 +/- 2.4, 62.5 +/- 2.4, and 60.8 +/- 4.3% peak oxygen uptake, respectively). Each subject also completed, in random order, two 30-min submaximal (20% peak oxygen uptake below LT) exercise tests. During one test, graded Epi infusions were carried out at rates of 0.02–0.12 micrograms.kg-1.min-1; the other served as a control test. Infusion resulted in plasma Epi concentrations similar to those observed during GXT. The increase in blood lactate with Epi infusion was significantly greater than that during the control test (3.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l at minute 30) but did not approach levels exhibited during GXT. We suggest an interaction of the increasing plasma Epi with other factors may be responsible for the sudden increase in blood lactate during graded exercise.

Physiological Responses of Endurance-Trained Male Wheelchair Athletes to a 10-Kilometer Treadmill Time Trial

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Campbell ◽  
Clyde Williams ◽  
Henryk K.A. Lakomy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Wheelchair Athletes ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose was to examine selected physiological responses of endurance-trained male wheelchair athletes in different Paralympic racing classes (T2, n = 3; T3, n = 8; T4, n = 7) during a 10-km treadmill time trial (TM:10-km). Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) was determined, and a TM:10-km was completed on a motorized treadmill. From this, % V̇O2peak utilized and the relationship between V̇O2peak and TM:10-km were established. During the TM:10-km, the following dependent variables were examined: propulsion speed, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate. The results showed athletes utilize a high % V̇O2peak (78.4 –13.6%) during the TM:10-km. There was a moderate correlation (r = -.57, p < .01) between VO2peak and TM:10-km. No physiological differences were found between the paraplegic racing classes (T3, T4), which suggests that there is some justification in amalgamating these racing classes for endurance events.

scholarly journals Improving Utilization of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Work Economy in Recreational Cross-Country Skiers With High-Intensity Double-Poling Intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Michael Johansen ◽  
Sondre Eriksen ◽  
Arnstein Sunde ◽  
Øystein B. Slettemeås ◽  
Jan Helgerud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a double-poling (DP) high-intensity aerobic interval-training (HIT) intervention performed without increasing total HIT volume. This means that regular HIT training (eg, running) was replaced by HIT DP. The aim was to explore whether this intervention could improve peak oxygen uptake in DP, the fractional utilization of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in DP, oxygen cost of DP, maximal aerobic speed, and a 3-km DP time trial. Methods: Nine non-specially-DP-trained cross-country skiers (intervention group) and 9 national-level cross-country skiers (control group) were recruited. All participants were tested for VO2max in running, peak oxygen uptake in DP, oxygen cost of DP, and time-trial performance before and after a 6-wk, 3-times-per-week HIT DP intervention. The intervention group omitted all regular HIT with HIT in DP, leaving the total weekly amount of HIT unchanged. Results: Seven participants in each group completed the study. VO2max in running remained unchanged in both groups, whereas peak oxygen uptake in DP improved by 7.1% (P = .005) in the intervention group. The fractional utilization of VO2max in DP thus increased by 7.3% (P = .019), oxygen cost of DP by 9.2% (P = .047), maximal aerobic speed by 16.5% (P = .009), and time trial by 19.5% (P = .004) in the intervention group but remained unchanged in the control group. Conclusions: The results indicate that a 6-wk HIT DP intervention could be an effective model to improve DP-specific capacities, with maintenance of VO2max in running.

scholarly journals Upper- vs. Lower-Body Exercise Performance in Female and Male Cross-Country Skiers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Marie Hansen ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk ◽  
Gertjan Ettema ◽  
Julia Kathrin Baumgart
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Exercise Modality ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To investigate the interaction between exercise modality (i.e., upper- and lower-body exercise) and sex in physiological responses and power output (PO) across the entire intensity spectrum (i.e., from low to maximal intensity).Methods: Ten male and 10 female cross-country (XC) skiers performed a stepwise incremental test to exhaustion consisting of 5 min stages with increasing workload employing upper-body poling (UP) and running (RUN) on two separate days. Mixed measures ANOVA were performed to investigate the interactions between exercise modalities (i.e., UP and RUN) and sex in physiological responses and PO across the entire exercise intensity spectrum.Results: The difference between UP and RUN (ΔUP−RUN), was not different in the female compared with the male XC skiers for peak oxygen uptake (18 ± 6 vs. 18 ± 6 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.843) and peak PO (84 ± 18 vs. 91 ± 22 W, p = 0.207). At most given blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion values, ΔUP−RUN was larger in the male compared with the female skiers for oxygen uptake and PO, but these differences disappeared when the responses were expressed as % of the modality-specific peak.Conclusion: Modality-differences (i.e., ΔUP−RUN) in peak physiological responses and PO did not differ between the female and male XC skiers. This indicates that increased focus on upper-body strength and endurance training in female skiers in recent years may have closed the gap between upper- and lower-body endurance capacity compared with male XC skiers. In addition, no sex-related considerations need to be made when using relative physiological responses for intensity regulation within a specific exercise modality.

scholarly journals Reference values for peak oxygen uptake: cross-sectional analysis of cycle ergometry-based cardiopulmonary exercise tests of 10 090 adult German volunteers from the Prevention First Registry

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e018697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rapp ◽  
Jürgen Scharhag ◽  
Stefan Wagenpfeil ◽  
Johannes Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise

ObjectiveThis study aims to construct quantile reference values for peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) measured by cycle ergometry-based incremental cardiopulmonary exercise tests.DesignCross-sectional study using quantile regressions to fit sex-specific and age-specific quantile curves. Exercise tests were conducted using cycle ergometry. Maximal effort in the exercise tests was assumed when respiratory exchange ratio  ≥1.1 or lactate ≥8 mmol/L or maximal heart rate ≥90% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate. This was assessed retrospectively for a random subsample with an a priori calculated sample size of n=252 participants.SettingA network of private outpatient clinics in three German cities recorded the results of cycle ergometry-based cardiopulmonary exercise tests to a central database (Prevention First Registry) from 2001 to 2015.Participants10 090 participants (6462 men, 3628 women) from more than 100 local companies volunteered in workplace health promotion programmes. Participants were aged 21 to 83 years, were free of acute complaints and had primarily sedentary working environments.Main outcome measurePeak oxygen uptake was measured as absolute V̇O2peakin litres of oxygen per minute and relative V̇O2peakin millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute.ResultsThe mean age for both men and women was 46 years. Median relative V̇O2peakwas 36 and 30 mL/kg/min at 40 to 49 years, as well as 32 and 26 mL/kg/min at 50 to 59 years for men and women, respectively. An estimated proportion of 97% of the participants performed the exercise test until exertion.ConclusionsReference values and nomograms for V̇O2peakwere derived from a large sample of preventive healthcare examinations of healthy white-collar workers. The presented results can be applied to participants of exercise tests using cycle ergometry who are part of a population that is comparable to this study.

Salivary Cortisol, Heart Rate, and Blood Lactate Responses During Elite Downhill Mountain Bike Racing

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy Sperlich ◽  
Silvia Achtzehn ◽  
Mirijam Buhr ◽  
Christoph Zinner ◽  
Stefan Zelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Absolute Time

Purpose:This study aimed to quantify the intensity profile of elite downhill mountain bike races during competitions.Methods:Seventeen male downhill racers (22 ± 5 y; 185.1 ± 5.3 cm; 68.0 ± 3.9 kg; VO2peak: 59.4 ± 4.1 mL·min·kg−1) participated in the International German Downhill Championships in 2010. The racers’ peak oxygen uptake and heart rate (HR) at 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate (HR2 and HR4), were assessed during an incremental laboratory step test (100 W, increase 40 W every 5 min). During the races, the HR was recorded and pre- and postrace blood lactate concentrations as well as salivary cortisol levels were obtained.Results:During the race, the absolute time spent in the “easy” intensity zone was 23.3 ± 6.8 s, 24.2 ± 12.8 s (HR2–HR4) in the “moderate” zone, and 151.6 ± 18.3 s (>HR4) in the “hard” zone. Eighty percent of the entire race was accomplished at intensities >90% HRpeak. Blood lactate concentrations postrace were higher than those obtained after the qualification heat (8.0 ± 2.5 mmol·L−1 vs 6.7 ± 1.8 mmol·L−1, P < .01). Salivary levels of cortisol before the competition and the qualification heat were twice as high as at resting state (P < .01).Conclusions:This study shows that mountain bike downhill races are conducted at high heart rates and levels of blood lactate as well as increased concentration of salivary cortisol as marker for psycho-physiological stress.

Ramped vs. Standard Bruce Protocol in Children: A Comparison of Exercise Responses

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
John A. DiBella ◽  
Emily M. Johnson ◽  
Marco E. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Bruce Protocol ◽  
Treadmill Protocol

We compared maximal exercise parameters obtained using both a ramped Bruce (BR) and a standard Bruce treadmill protocol (BS) in 44 healthy children (9.9 – 1.9 yr) and adolescents (15.9 – 1.7 yr). The average weight and height for children was 36.7 – 10.7 kg and 141.2 – 13.2 cm, while for adolescents was 64.4 – 13.9 kg and 168.9 – 7.5 cm. No significant differences were found in peak heart rate (HRpeak) between protocols for children (BS: 198 – 10; BR: 196 – 11 bpm) or adolescents (BS:193 – 2; BR:192 – 11 bpm). Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) was also not significantly different for children (BS: 1.81 – 0.64; BR: 1.84 – 0.74 L/min) or adolescents (BS: 2.66 – 0.61; BR: 2.72 – 0.67 L/min). Based on our results, we conclude that equivalent peak HR and V̇O2 values can be obtained in normal children and adolescents using a standard or a ramped Bruce protocol.

scholarly journals Differences in physiological responses to cardio-pulmonary exercise testing in adults with type 1 diabetes and controls without type 1 diabetes – a pooled analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max L. Eckstein ◽  
Juliano Boufleur Farinha ◽  
Olivia McCarthy ◽  
Daniel J. West ◽  
Jane E. Yardley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Design And Methods

<b>OBJECTIVE</b> <p>To investigate physiological responses to cardio-pulmonary exercise (CPX) testing in adults with type 1 diabetes compared to age-, sex- and body mass index- (BMI) matched controls without type 1 diabetes.</p> <p><b>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</b></p> <p>We compared results from CPX tests on a cycle ergometer in individuals with type 1 diabetes and controls without type 1 diabetes. Parameters were peak and threshold variables of oxygen uptake, heart rate and power output. Differences between groups were investigated via restricted maximum likelihood modelling and post-hoc tests. Differences between groups were explained by stepwise linear regressions (p<0.05). </p> <p><b>RESULTS</b></p> <p>Among 303 individuals with type 1 diabetes (age 33 [22; 43] years, 93 females, BMI 23.6 [22; 26] kg/m<sup>2</sup>, HbA<sub>1c</sub> 6.9 [6.2; 7.7]%; 52 [44; 61] mmol/mol), peak oxygen uptake (32.55 [26.49; 38.72] vs. 42.67 ± 10.44) (mL/kg/min), peak heart rate (179 [170; 187] vs. 184 [175; 191]) (bpm) and peak power (216 [171; 253] vs. 245 [200; 300]) (Watt) were lower in comparison to 308 controls without type 1 diabetes (all p<0.001). Individuals with type 1 diabetes displayed an impaired degree and direction of the heart rate to performance curve compared against controls without type 1 diabetes (0.07 [-0.75; 1.09] vs. 0.66 [-0.28; 1.45] (p<0.001)). None of the exercise physiological responses were associated with HbA<sub>1c</sub> in individuals with type 1 diabetes.</p> <p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p> <p>Individuals with type 1 diabetes show altered responses to CPX testing, which cannot be explained by HbA<sub>1c</sub>. Intriguingly, the participants in our cohort consisted of people with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, heart rate dynamics were altered during CPX testing. </p>

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