The effectiveness of slow sand filters to treat Canadian rural prairie water

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Gottinger ◽  
Dena W. McMartin ◽  
Doug Price ◽  
Bruce Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

The following manuscript provides a technical review of slow sand filters (SSFs) as well as two case studies from the province of Saskatchewan, Canada in which an optimized technology has been successfully designed and implemented to produce high quality potable water for very small populations. Renewed interest in SSF systems for small communities has resulted in enhanced plant and filter design, improved operating procedures for increased efficiency and expanded range of acceptable raw water quality input and an overall low maintenance system design. Despite some limitations to the use of SSFs, recent design modifications and improvements for operation and maintenance of SSFs have expanded their application to a broader range of contaminants under highly variable environmental and operating conditions. The flexible and modular design options inherent to SSF systems, along with the modifications in expanded application, make SSFs highly attractive for potable water treatment in rural and remote regions. The SSFs designed and tested in Saskatchewan are modular polyethylene systems that include pre- and posttreatment processes such as ozone oxidation, roughing, and biological activated carbon (BAC) filters to provide significant reductions in turbidity, heavy metals, colour, and organics.

OTTER mathematical process simulation of potable water treatment

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Head ◽  
D. Shepherd ◽  
G. Butt ◽  
G. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
Mathematical Process ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

Process modelling has been used for many years in the chemical engineering field and more recently has become well established for as a tool for analysing and optimising the performance of wastewater treatment works. In the clean water area, models are routinely used for simulating distribution networks. In contrast, however, the use of modelling tools on potable water treatment works is relatively new and has yet to become well established. A range of tools have been suggested, including artificial neural networks, computational fluid dynamics and process simulation. WRc have developed a dynamic simulation package for predicting the performance of water treatment works, via models of individual processes. The software has a range of uses, including process and works optimisation, operational decision support, as a design aid and for training engineers and operators. The models are dynamic so that they predict the response of the treatment works to changes in flow, raw water quality and process operating conditions. The software has been used in a wide variety of applications, including optimising process plant operation to minimise cost and to investigate the reasons why a treatment works failed to meet its design criteria at the maximum design throughput.

scholarly journals Designing the Next Generation of Fe0-Based Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Treatment: A Conceptual Framework

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huichen Yang ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Hans Ruppert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Small Communities

The ambitious United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for 2030 to “leave no one behind” concerning safe drinking water calls for the development of universally applicable and affordable decentralized treatment systems to provide safe drinking water. Published results suggest that well-designed biological sand filters (BSFs) amended with metallic iron (Fe0-BSFs) have the potential to achieve this goal. Fe0-BSFs quantitatively remove pathogens and a myriad of chemical pollutants. The available data were achieved under various operating conditions. A comparison of independent research results is almost impossible, especially because the used Fe0 materials are not characterized for their intrinsic reactivity. This communication summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on designing Fe0-BSFs for households and small communities. The results show that significant research progress has been made on Fe0-BSFs. However, well-designed laboratory and field experiments are required to improve the available knowledge in order to develop the next generation of adaptable and scalable designs of Fe0-BSFs in only two years. Tools to alleviate the permeability loss, the preferential flow, and the use of exhausted filters are presented.

scholarly journals Optimization of hybrid coagulation-ultrafiltration process for potable water treatment using response surface methodology

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Arhin ◽  
N. Banadda ◽  
A. J. Komakech ◽  
W. Pronk ◽  
S. J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Mathematical Correlation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Ultrafiltration Process ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

Abstract In order to optimize the operating conditions for a combined polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation/flocculation and ultrafiltration process for treating potable water, the main, second order and interaction effects of PACl dose and flocculation retention time (FRT) on permeate turbidity, UV254 and membrane permeability were investigated using a 100 kDa hollow fiber membrane operated in the dead-end mode. A multilevel factorial design was used to determine the relevant ranges of the two factors for optimization. A 22 central composite design (CCD) was then used to develop mathematical correlation models for the optimum operating conditions. The main effect of PACl dose was the most significant factor on all the responses. For permeability, both the main effect of FRT and FRT–PACl dose interactions were found to be insignificant. The optimum PACl dose and FRT for the feed water were 20 mg/L and 14 min, respectively. Corresponding permeate turbidity, UV254 and permeability were 0.15 ± 0.01 NTU, 0.003 ± 0.001 cm−1 and 62.0 ± 9.52 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1, respectively. Experimental validation runs confirmed the reliability of the predicted optimal conditions thus implying that CCD models can be used to predict/optimize the quality and quantity of permeate from hybrid coagulation–ultrafiltration systems for potable water treatment.

Determination of natural radionuclides in waste generated in the potable water treatment plants of the Zona da Mata of the state of Pernambuco- Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Muniz De Almeida Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

The water purification procedure aims to obtain a product appropriate for human consumption, minimizing the presence of contaminants and toxic substances present in the water. Among these contaminants, some radionuclides of natural origin, such as uranium, thorium and their descendants, have been identified. Studies have shown that the stages of purification are quite effective in removing the radionuclides contained in water. The removal is due to co-precipitation of the radionuclides with the suspended materials and the precipitated material is accumulated and characterized as a Technologically Concentrated Natural Occurrence Radioactive Material (TENORM) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This residue can present significant levels of radioactivity and, when discarded in the environment without any treatment, can generate a problem of environmental impact and a risk to the health of the population. In this way, some gamma emitters of the series of U, Th and the K-40 were determined in the residues generated at the Potable Water Treatment Plants – PWTPs in six municipalities of Pernambuco. The results obtain corroborate the classification of the residues generated in the PWTPs as concentrators of the radioactive components contained in the water supplied to the system and reinforce the need for the release to the environment, which is the usual way of disposal of this waste, to be carried out only after considering the radiological protection standards established.

Effect of Flow Configuration on Nitrifiers in Biological Activated Carbon Filters for Potable Water Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (22) ◽  
pp. 14646-14655
Author(s):  
Min Rui ◽  
Haoshen Chen ◽  
Yinyin Ye ◽  
Huiping Deng ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Flow Configuration

A CFD-based simulation study of a large scale flocculation tank for potable water treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Samaras ◽  
A. Zouboulis ◽  
T. Karapantsios ◽  
M. Kostoglou
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

Dissolved air flotation in drinking water production

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
Air Flotation ◽  
Potable Water Treatment ◽  
Dissolved Air

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) has become increasingly important in the field of potable water treatment, as a preferred option for treating upland and stored lowland waters. This paper outlines the development of dissolved air flotation (DAF) in potable water treatment, the benefits and disadvantages and the recent advances that has taken the process technology from an art to a science.

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