Evaluating Alternative Levels of Water and Sanitation Service for Communities in the Northwest Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Gamble ◽  
Christian T. L. Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The North ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Government

The majority of communities in the Northwest Territories lack the water, sewage, and garbage facilities available in southern Canada. Recently, the Government of the Northwest Territories proposed a multimillion dollar ten-year program to upgrade the water and sanitation services of the sixty-odd communities under its jurisdiction. In this paper, which is a first report on an ongoing project to upgrade the sanitary conditions of settlements in the Northwest Territories, we develop a methodology whereby the cost of the alternative water, sewage, and garbage systems for each community can be determined, compared, and evaluated. This analysis defines the level of service to be recommended in each community.Cost data for sanitary installations in the north are generally not available and therefore need to be estimated. The costs associated with alternative systems are assessed as a function of some one hundred variables, including population, demand for water, distance to the water source, topography, terrain, weather conditions, severity of climate, existence of roads, availability and cost of gravel, general remoteness of the community, freight rates, etc.The basis for comparison of the various level of service alternatives is the net present value of the investment required over the duration of the program, including capital as well as operating expenditures. Actual data for some forty-five communities are used in the calculations.

scholarly journals Technical and Scale Efficiency of the Brazilian Municipalities’ Water and Sanitation Services: A Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Miguel Alves Pereira ◽  
Rui Cunha Marques
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Service Networks ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Contextual Environment

Seeking to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” is an admirable Sustainable Development Goal and an honourable commitment of the United Nations and its Member States regarding the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation services (WSSs). However, the majority of countries are not on target to achieve this by 2030, with several of them moving away from the best practices. Brazil is one of these cases, given, for example, the existing asymmetries in the access to water supply and sanitation service networks. For this reason, we propose a benchmarking exercise using a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis to measure the technical and scale efficiency of the Brazilian municipalities’ WSSs, noting their contextual environment. Our results point towards low mean efficiency scores, motivated by the existence of significant scale inefficiencies (the vast majority of municipalities are operating at a larger than optimal scale). Furthermore, the Water source was found to be a statistically significant efficiency predictor, with statistically significant differences found in terms of Ownership and Geography. Ultimately, we suggest policy-making and regulatory possibilities based on debureaucratization, the implementation of stricter expenditure control policies, and investment in the expansion of WSSs.

scholarly journals Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kauark-Leite ◽  
B. Vinçon-Leite ◽  
J. F. Deroubaix ◽  
A. Loireau ◽  
D. Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The North ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. This paper presents the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The Vida no Vale project design resulted in a logical and extensive framework which could be used for developing similar WSS projects in other poor, rural regions, its adaptiveness being a key feature for taking into account the specific, local conditions.

Chronological list of expeditions and histrical events in northern Canda. IX. 1881–96

Polar Record ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (103) ◽  
pp. 559-577
Author(s):  
Alan Cooke ◽  
Clive Holland
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
The North ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Government

During this short period began what may be termed the re-exploration of northern Canada, a scientific examination of lands that had been roughly charted by expeditions of the previous hundred years, but that were otherwise little known except to fur traders, a few missionaries, and the occasional traveller. Only now did the newly confederated Dominion of Canada begin to take a practical interest in its vast northern expansions. The government sent three scientific expeditions to Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay, and the Geological Survey of Canada began to direct its attention towards the north. One of its officers, A. P. Low, explored the length and breadth of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula virtually single-handed and, as if anticipating the Klondike gold rush, towards which the work of many prospectors in Yukon Territory was steadily leading, Dawson, McConnell and Ogilvie published detailed accounts of routes and conditions in the Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory, information that proved invaluable to both government and individuals when the rush was on.

scholarly journals The future of water and sanitation: global challenges and the need for greater ambition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Piped Water

Abstract Water and sanitation services are critical for public health. The importance of these services is reflected in SDG 6 and the associated targets 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. Much progress remains to be made to achieve these targets, but it is already becoming clear that greater ambition is needed. This paper looks at three global challenges: the need to increase the level of service to protect public health including infectious respiratory diseases; the role of sanitation in combatting anti-microbial resistance (AMR); and the urgent need to build more climate-resilient services. We need to upgrade the SDG targets to focus on universal access to piped water on premises, to incorporate action on AMR in definitions of safe sanitation and to embed actions to improve resilience, which take into account the greater ambition called for in the SDG 6 targets. This requires a shift in thinking in the sector, away from relying on households and communities to manage their services to properly funded, professional services staffed by trained technical, managerial and finance staff. This will require more public finance and better use of financial instruments that have proved effective in other sectors. Increasing our ambition will mean the world can achieve the aim of universal access to safe, sustainable, and resilient services and protect public health.

scholarly journals Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2683-2712
Author(s):  
L. Kauark-Leite ◽  
B. Vinçon-Leite ◽  
J. F. Deroubaix ◽  
A. Loireau ◽  
D. Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The North ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. The paper will present the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The ongoing successful accomplishment of the Vida no Vale project would make it an exemplary and replicable model for other poor regions.

Potential and Feasibility Analysis of Biomass Energy from Palm Oil Mills on North Penajam Paser Regency Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Faruq Nashrulloh ◽  
Muhammad Sulaiman ◽  
Rachmawan Budiarto
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
The Government ◽  
Technical Planning ◽  
Private Investors

This paper would present a techno-economic potential and feasibility analysis in the planning of renewable energy from palm oil mills on the North Penajam Paser Regency. The analysis was done based on the last three-year production data history of 7 (seven) palm oil processing factories in the region. The total fresh fruit bunches processed were about 891.624 tons/year. The total potential electricity generated from palm oil residue reached 28.009 kWh. This analysis aimed to get a comprehensive insight from the potential biomass energy that exists at the research locations and conduct a feasibility study based on techno-economic analysis to develop renewable energy of new state capital Indonesia and the supporting regions. The technology helps evaluate the technical planning of installations that are possible to build in the area. The economic aspect of sustainability evaluates the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and the payback period of renewable energy installation. The results showed that North Penajam Paser Regency could generate 78,927,223 kWh in a year with a feed-in tariffs is 1,223.481 IDR/kWh. The electricity was feasible to offer to the government electrical company. Moreover, this project had a good NPV and IRR for private investors.

Monitoring Agricultural Drought in China

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoliang Tian ◽  
Vijendra K. Boken
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S

Droughts account for more than half of the total number of natural disasters faced by China. Serious droughts impact industrial production, water supply, people’s lives, and the ecological environment, which causes significant losses to the national economy. Because of increasing water shortages, drought has become one of the most important factors that limits agricultural production, especially in the north where droughts occur frequently. According to the Chinese terminology, if reduction in crop yields in an area is more than three-tenths of the average, the area is called a “damaged area,” and if the reduction is more than eight-tenths, the area is declared a “nonyield area” (Lu and Yang, 1992; State Statistical Bureau, 1996; Chen, 2000). Drought has been the most serious natural disaster in Chinese history. Serious droughts occurred more than 1000 times from 206 B.C. to 1949 A.D. (Zhang, 1990; Li and Lin, 1993), or once about every two years. Over the years, the eastern part of China has become more drought prone. Drought impacts have lessened since 1949 because the government has improved irrigation facilities. Nevertheless, agricultural production is still affected by drought because yields of most crops depend on weather conditions. Figure 28.1 shows the yearly variation in the total area affected by droughts since 1949. The most serious droughts occurred during the 1960s and the 1970s, and drought area has gradually increased. Although serious drought occurred during 1978–79, droughts were mild during 1970–77. The droughts always damaged a greater area than did floods in a decade. Figure 28.2 presents the spatial distribution of droughts from 1951 to 1991. In particular, four regions were identified where the frequency of drought was significantly high (Li and Lin, 1993): (1) Huanghuaihai region in the North China Plain, (2) Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces, (3) the coastal south China, in particular the coastal area in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, and (4) the southwestern part of southwest China, mainly the southern part of Yunnan and Sichuan provinces.

WATSAN in Partnership with NGOs and Communities of Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sustainable Services ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund Development Board (The Board) has been implementing WATSAN schemes in Nepal since March 14, 1996 under assistance from World Bank/IDA and DFID. The Board brought fundamental changes in the conventional supply driven approach to promote Demand Driven Community based water supply and sanitation project with cost effective and sustainable services to the rural people of Nepal. Communities are supported to form inclusive local water supply and sanitation user groups that can plan, implement, and operate drinking water and sanitation infrastructure that delivers sustainable health, hygiene and productivity benefits to rural households. Under the Board fund presently 165 NGOs partner together with local communities in 71 districts of Nepal to deliver safe water and sanitation services. The Board has contributed to improve sector institutional performance by grooming service delivery capacity of NGOs, Communities and mainstreaming its successful approaches in to Government mechanism and other sector agencies delivering developmental services in Nepal. Latest contribution of the Board is to support Ministry of Physical Planning and Works in establishing computerized Monitoring and Evaluation Unit and provide information regarding progress in rural water supply and sanitation sector. This will help the government in performance based budget allocation to service delivering agencies. As to Board's own performance various studies shows after project 90 percent hand wash practice in community, 33 percent No Open Defecation schemes and 84–92 percent sustainability of 3-8years old schemes

The role of communication in the delivery of water services to communities

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
G. Schoeman ◽  
P. Pybus
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Real ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Definition Of

The key to providing sustainable water and sanitation services to communities lies in the proper understanding by all the parties involved of their roles, responsibilities and what the outcomes will be. The extent to which engineers and communities were able to communicate and understand one another was investigated in a number of case studies in South Africa. The findings of the study showed the importance of understanding the nature of communication, the real needs of the community, the explanation of the roles of the participants, the identification of the appropriate level of service and the definition of capacity building.

Quantifying the value proposition for white clover persistence on a New Zealand summer-dry hill-country farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Mike B. Dodd ◽  
Katherine N. Tozer ◽  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rose Greenfield ◽  
David R. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Farm System

The improvement in forage quality and quantity of summer-dry hill country pasture resulting from the introduction of clover is well recognised. However, ensuring the persistence of the commonly availablecultivars is challenging, in the face of seasonal moisture stress, intensive grazing, competition from established well-adapted pasture species, low soil fertility and low soil pH – conditions typical of the East Coast of the North Island. Here we quantify the value proposition associated with the introduction of white clover into a case study on a Gisborne sheep and beef farm, using a six-step process. A topographically explicit approach is taken, using an understanding of the underlying spatial variability, based on a combination of soil and pasture measurements, APSIM simulation modelling of pasture growth and farm system modelling of enterprise performance. We show that from a baseline of a typical low-fertility, diverse species hill country pasture, white clover introduction can increase spring and summer forage consumption by 17%, enabling inclusion of an additional 6-month bull finishing enterprise generating a 32% greater carcass weight production and leading to a 49% improvement in farm system EBIT. This represents a positive net present value of over $360,000 for the original investment in white clover establishment into existing pastures.

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