THE MUSCLE AND INTEGUMENT LIPIDS IN FEMALE ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phospholipid Fraction ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equimolar Mixture ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Lipid Fractions

Total lipids of the body wall (muscle plus integument) consisted of phospholipids (38%), unsaponifiables (8.1%), and triglyceride acids (47%). The phospholipid fraction contained major amounts of phosphoacetals, lecithins, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Sphingolipids and phosphatidylserine were probably present in smaller amounts. Much of the unsaponifiable matter was similar to, but not identical with, the ascaryl alcohol of the reproductive tissues, although sterols were also present. The triglycerides contained an approximately equimolar mixture of volatile and non-volatile acids. Phospholipid acids, on the other hand, were entirely non-volatile. The integument lipid fractions were similar in amount and kind to those of the muscle.

THE MUSCLE AND INTEGUMENT LIPIDS IN FEMALE ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phospholipid Fraction ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equimolar Mixture ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Lipid Fractions

Total lipids of the body wall (muscle plus integument) consisted of phospholipids (38%), unsaponifiables (8.1%), and triglyceride acids (47%). The phospholipid fraction contained major amounts of phosphoacetals, lecithins, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Sphingolipids and phosphatidylserine were probably present in smaller amounts. Much of the unsaponifiable matter was similar to, but not identical with, the ascaryl alcohol of the reproductive tissues, although sterols were also present. The triglycerides contained an approximately equimolar mixture of volatile and non-volatile acids. Phospholipid acids, on the other hand, were entirely non-volatile. The integument lipid fractions were similar in amount and kind to those of the muscle.

scholarly journals A screen for genetic loci required for body-wall muscle development during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
J Ahnn ◽  
A Fire
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Genetic Loci

Abstract We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.

Mediolateral somitic origin of ribs and dermis determined by quail-chick chimeras

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (21) ◽  
pp. 4611-4617 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Olivera-Martinez ◽  
M. Coltey ◽  
D. Dhouailly ◽  
O. Pourquie
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Lateral Compartment ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Respective Contribution ◽  
Epaxial Muscles

Somites are transient mesodermal structures giving rise to all skeletal muscles of the body, the axial skeleton and the dermis of the back. Somites arise from successive segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). They appear first as epithelial spheres that rapidly differentiate into a ventral mesenchyme, the sclerotome, and a dorsal epithelial dermomyotome. The sclerotome gives rise to vertebrae and ribs while the dermomyotome is the source of all skeletal muscles and the dorsal dermis. Quail-chick fate mapping and diI-labeling experiments have demonstrated that the epithelial somite can be further subdivided into a medial and a lateral moiety. These two subdomains are derived from different regions of the primitive streak and give rise to different sets of muscles. The lateral somitic cells migrate to form the musculature of the limbs and body wall, known as the hypaxial muscles, while the medial somite gives rise to the vertebrae and the associated epaxial muscles. The respective contribution of the medial and lateral somitic compartments to the other somitic derivatives, namely the dermis and the ribs has not been addressed and therefore remains unknown. We have created quail-chick chimeras of either the medial or lateral part of the PSM to examine the origin of the dorsal dermis and the ribs. We demonstrate that the whole dorsal dermis and the proximal ribs exclusively originates from the medial somitic compartment, whereas the distal ribs derive from the lateral compartment.

A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4429 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
LUCIANA MARTINS ◽  
MARCOS TAVARES
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Calcareous Ring

Paulayellus gustavi, a new sclerodactylid genus and species, is described from the Pacific coast of Panama. The new genus and species is assigned to the subfamily Sclerothyoninae based on a suite of characters, which include the radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at the base only. Paulayellus gen. nov. differs from the other Sclerothyoninae genera in having posterior processesof radial plates undivided. Additionally, differs from Sclerothyone, Thandarum and Neopentamera in having knobbed buttons, plates and cups in the body wall (whereas the body wall is furnished only with tables and plates in Sclerothyone, Temparena and Thandarum, and only with knobbed buttons and plates in Neopentamera). The new genus is, so far, monotypic. The also monotypic genus Neopentamera proved to have the radial and the interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at the base only, as typically found in the Sclerothyoninae, and is therefore transferred to that subfamily. The discovery of a new genus in the Sclerothyoninae and the transfer of Neopentamera required the amendation of the diagnosis for the subfamily. A key to the Sclerothyoninae is given. 

Positioning and maintenance of embryonic body wall muscle attachments in C. elegans requires the mup-1 gene

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.Y. Goh ◽  
T. Bogaert
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Molecule ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Body Wall Muscles

As part of a general study of genes specifying a pattern of muscle attachments, we identified and genetically characterised mutants in the mup-1 gene. The body wall muscles of early stage mup-1 embryos have a wild-type myofilament pattern but may extend ectopic processes. Later in embryogenesis, some body wall muscles detach from the hypodermis. Genetic analysis suggests that mup-1 has both a maternal and a zygotic component and is not required for postembryonic muscle growth and attachment. mup-1 mutants are suppressed by mutations in several genes that encode extracellular matrix components. We propose that mup-1 may encode a cell surface/extracellular matrix molecule required both for the positioning of body wall muscle attachments in early embryogenesis and the subsequent maintenance of these attachments to the hypodermis until after cuticle synthesis.

Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of the Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (274) ◽  
pp. 245-290
Author(s):  
A. J. GROVE
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Earthworm Lumbricus

During the sexual congress of L.terrestris, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that segments 9-11 of one are opposed to the clitellum of the other, and vice versa. At these points the attachment between the worms is an intimate one, assisted by the secretion of the glands associated with the diverticula of the setal pores found in certain segments, and is reinforced by the mutual penetration of the setae into the opposed body-surfaces. There is also a slighter attachment between segment 26 of one and 15 of the other. Each worm is enclosed in a slime-tube composed of mucus secreted from the epidermis. The exchange of seminal fluid is a mutual one. The fluid issues from the apertures of the vasa deferentia in segment 15, and is conducted beneath the slime-tube in pit-like depressions in the seminal grooves, which extend from segment 15 to the clitellum on each side of the body, to the clitellum, where it accumulates in the space between the lateral surfaces of segments 9-11 of one worm and the clitellum of the other. Eventually it becomes aggregated into masses in the groove between segments 9 and 10, and 10 and 11, and passes thence into the spermathecae. The seminal groove and its pit-like depressions are brought into existence by special muscles lying in the lateral blocks of longitudinal muscles of the body-wall.

scholarly journals The UNC-112 Gene in Caenorhabditis elegansEncodes a Novel Component of Cell–Matrix Adhesion Structures Required for Integrin Localization in the Muscle Cell Membrane

2000 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Rogalski ◽  
Gregory P. Mullen ◽  
Mary M. Gilbert ◽  
Benjamin D. Williams ◽  
Donald G. Moerman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dense Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Matrix Adhesion ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Cell Matrix Adhesion ◽  
Muscle Cell Membrane

Embryos homozygous for mutations in the unc-52, pat-2, pat-3, and unc-112 genes of C. elegans exhibit a similar Pat phenotype. Myosin and actin are not organized into sarcomeres in the body wall muscle cells of these mutants, and dense body and M-line components fail to assemble. The unc-52 (perlecan), pat-2 (α-integrin), and pat-3 (β-integrin) genes encode ECM or transmembrane proteins found at the cell–matrix adhesion sites of both dense bodies and M-lines. This study describes the identification of the unc-112 gene product, a novel, membrane-associated, intracellular protein that colocalizes with integrin at cell–matrix adhesion complexes. The 720–amino acid UNC-112 protein is homologous to Mig-2, a human protein of unknown function. These two proteins share a region of homology with talin and members of the FERM superfamily of proteins. We have determined that a functional UNC-112::GFP fusion protein colocalizes with PAT-3/β-integrin in both adult and embryonic body wall muscle. We also have determined that UNC-112 is required to organize PAT-3/β-integrin after it is integrated into the basal cell membrane, but is not required to organize UNC-52/perlecan in the basement membrane, nor for DEB-1/vinculin to localize with PAT-3/β-integrin. Furthermore, UNC-112 requires the presence of UNC-52/perlecan and PAT-3/β-integrin, but not DEB-1/vinculin to become localized to the muscle cell membrane.

scholarly journals Cervico-pectoral Ectopia Cordis in Two Holstein Calves

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hiraga ◽  
M. Abe ◽  
K. Iwasa ◽  
K. Takehana ◽  
A. Tanigaki
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
Ectopia Cordis ◽  
Thoracic Inlet ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Common Pathogenesis ◽  
Fetal Stage

Two Holstein calves affected with cervico-pectoral ectopia cordis, a male (No. 1) delivered stillborn and a female (No. 2) died 1 hour after birth, were examined macroscopically and radiographically to assess the severity and elucidate the teratogenesis of the anomaly. The heart of one calf was covered by the intact pericardium and skin and displaced to the caudalmost portion of the ventrocervical region, just cranial to an enlarged thoracic inlet. The cranial vena cava and the vena azygos were duplicated. The sternum was bilaterally divided into two parts fused only at the xyphoid process and was semicircular. The heart of the other calf, covered solely by the pericardium, was exposed ventrally from an oval opening in the body wall just cranial to a defective Y-shaped sternum. In both calves, the arterial branching pattern from the aortic arch was intermediate between the patterns of the dog and pig, and in each case a single pulmonary vein emptied into the left atrium. Pronounced or slight torticollis, cleft palate, and abnormalities in the urogenital system were also found. From an embryological perspective, cervical and pectoral ectopia cordis have a common pathogenesis; the cervical type occurs at a slightly earlier fetal stage than the pectoral type.

Rates of reaction of Ascaris haemoglobins with ligands

1965 ◽  
Vol 163 (991) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Round Worm

The combination of the body wall and perienteric fluid haemoglobins of the pig round worm, Ascaris lumbricoides , with oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide has been followed over a range of temperature and pH values. The rates for the perienteric fluid haemoglobin were NO: 4.7 x 10 6 M -1 S -1 ; O 2 : 1.5 x 10 6 ; CO: 1.7 x 10 5 . The rates for body-wall haemoglobin were 30% less in each case. The rate of dissociation of carbon monoxide is 0.018 S -1 at 20 °C for the perienteric fluid haemoglobin and 0.039 for the body-wall haemoglobin. These rates are similar to those for mammalian haemoglobin. As was already known, the velocity of dissociation of oxygen from these haemoglobins is much lower. The velocity of dissociation for perienteric fluid haemoglobin was difficult to study because of the presence of methaemoglobin. The rates of all the reactions studied were close to those which would be predicted from the activation energies if the reactions were assumed to be kinetically normal. Over-all equilibrium constants for the reactions with oxygen and carbon monoxide have been calculated from the kinetic data. The half-saturation value for the perienteric fluid haemoglobin at 20 °C is 0.0015 mm Hg O 2 . The value for the body-wall haemoglobin is 0.11 mm . The ratio of the oxygen and the carbon monoxide equilibrium constants, M , is 0.075 for perienteric fluid haemoglobin and 0.82 for body-wall haemoglobin. Neither of these values conforms to the relation between log 10 M and the span of haemoglobin observed for mammalian haemoglobins and myoglobin.

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