Influence of the electron lateral spread in the air slit on energy measurements in emulsion chambers

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S1154-S1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Baradzei ◽  
E. A. Kanevskaya ◽  
Yu. A. Smokodin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Emulsion Chamber ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measured Energy ◽  
Electron Photon ◽  
Cascade Units

The effect of a decrease in the electron density near the cascade axis when a cascade passes through the gap between the lead filter and the emulsion of an emulsion chamber has been studied experimentally. This involved the measurement of the optical densities in circles of 48, 58, 84, and 140 μ radius in three X-ray films arranged 400, 800, and 1 200 μ from the surface of a filter whose thickness was 6 cascade units. The optical densities were measured for the spots caused by the electron–photon cascades with energies of 1–2 TeV, 2–7 TeV, and more than 7 TeV. The results show that the presence of a gap between the filter and the photoemulsion results in an underestimation of the measured energy by several tens of percent.

White-Light Coronal Structures: Streamers and CMEs

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
E. Hildner
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
White Light ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Temperature Function ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eclipse Observations ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractOver the last twenty years, orbiting coronagraphs have vastly increased the amount of observational material for the whitelight corona. Spanning almost two solar cycles, and augmented by ground-based K-coronameter, emission-line, and eclipse observations, these data allow us to assess,inter alia: the typical and atypical behavior of the corona; how the corona evolves on time scales from minutes to a decade; and (in some respects) the relation between photospheric, coronal, and interplanetary features. This talk will review recent results on these three topics. A remark or two will attempt to relate the whitelight corona between 1.5 and 6 R⊙to the corona seen at lower altitudes in soft X-rays (e.g., with Yohkoh). The whitelight emission depends only on integrated electron density independent of temperature, whereas the soft X-ray emission depends upon the integral of electron density squared times a temperature function. The properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) will be reviewed briefly and their relationships to other solar and interplanetary phenomena will be noted.

A study on α-RuCl3 crystal structure by scanning tunneling microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
H.-J. Cantow ◽  
H. Hillebrecht ◽  
S. Magonov ◽  
H. W. Rotter ◽  
G. Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
X Ray

From X-ray analysis, the conclusions are drawn from averaged molecular informations. Thus, limitations are caused when analyzing systems whose symmetry is reduced due to interatomic interactions. In contrast, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) directly images atomic scale surface electron density distribution, with a resolution up to fractions of Angstrom units. The crucial point is the correlation between the electron density distribution and the localization of individual atoms, which is reasonable in many cases. Thus, the use of STM images for crystal structure determination may be permitted. We tried to apply RuCl3 - a layered material with semiconductive properties - for such STM studies. From the X-ray analysis it has been assumed that α-form of this compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (AICI3 type). The chlorine atoms form an almost undistorted cubic closed package while Ru occupies 2/3 of the octahedral holes in every second layer building up a plane hexagon net (graphite net). Idealizing the arrangement of the chlorines a hexagonal symmetry would be expected. X-ray structure determination of isotypic compounds e.g. IrBr3 leads only to averaged positions of the metal atoms as there exist extended stacking faults of the metal layers.

A synchrotron X-ray study of the electron density in C-type rare earth oxides

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Maslen ◽  
V. A. Streltsov ◽  
N. Ishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Approximate Symmetry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Atoms ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Deformation Electron Density ◽  
Synthetic Crystals

Structure factors for small synthetic crystals of the C-type rare earth (RE) sesquioxides Y2O3, Dy2O3 and Ho2O3 were measured with focused λ = 0.7000 (2) Å, synchrotron X-radiation, and for Ho2O3 were re-measured with an MoKα (λ = 0.71073 Å) source. Approximate symmetry in the deformation electron density (Δρ) around a RE atom with pseudo-octahedral O coordination matches the cation geometry. Interactions between heavy metal atoms have a pronounced effect on the Δρ map. The electron-density symmetry around a second RE atom is also perturbed significantly by cation–anion interactions. The compounds magnetic properties reflect this complexity. Space group Ia{\bar 3}, cubic, Z = 16, T = 293 K: Y2O3, Mr = 225.82, a = 10.5981 (7) Å, V = 1190.4 (2) Å3, Dx = 5.040 Mg m−3, μ 0.7 = 37.01 mm−1, F(000) = 1632, R = 0.067, wR = 0.067, S = 9.0 (2) for 1098 unique reflections; Dy2O3, Mr = 373.00, a = 10.6706 (7) Å, V = 1215.0 (2) Å3, Dx = 8.156 Mg m−3, μ 0.7 = 44.84 mm−1, F(000) = 2496, R = 0.056, wR = 0.051, S = 7.5 (2) for 1113 unique reflections; Ho2O3, Mr = 377.86, a = 10.606 (2) Å, V = 1193.0 (7) Å3, Dx = 8.415 Mg m−3, μ 0.7 = 48.51 mm−1 F(000) = 2528, R = 0.072, wR = 0.045, S = 9.2 (2) for 1098 unique reflections of the synchrotron data set.

Resolution of a protein sequence ambiguity by X-ray crystallographic and mass spectrometric methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Keefe ◽  
E. E. Lattman ◽  
C. Wolkow ◽  
A. Woods ◽  
M. Chevrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray

Ambiguities in amino acid sequences are a potential problem in X-ray crystallographic studies of proteins. Amino acid side chains often cannot be reliably identified from the electron density. Many protein crystal structures that are now being solved are simple variants of a known wild-type structure. Thus, cloning artifacts or other untoward events can readily lead to cases in which the proposed sequence is not correct. An example is presented showing that mass spectrometry provides an excellent tool for analyzing suspected errors. The X-ray crystal structure of an insertion mutant of Staphylococcal nuclease has been solved to 1.67 Å resolution and refined to a crystallographic R value of 0.170 [Keefe & Lattman (1992). In preparation]. A single residue has been inserted in the C-terminal α helix. The inserted amino acid was believed to be an alanine residue, but the final electron density maps strongly indicated that a glycine had been inserted instead. To confirm the observations from the X-ray data, matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry was employed to verify the glycine insertion. This mass spectrometric technique has sufficient mass accuracy to detect the methyl group that distinguishes glycine from alanine and can be extended to the more common situation in which crystallographic measurements suggest a problem with the sequence, but cannot pinpoint its location or nature.

scholarly journals Mono- and Dinitro-BN-Naphthalenes: Formation and Characterization

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4209
Author(s):  
Mao-Xi Zhang ◽  
Nathaniel B. Zuckerman ◽  
Philip F. Pagoria ◽  
Bradley A. Steele ◽  
I-Feng Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Boron Nitrogen

Mono- and dinitro-BN-naphthalenes, i.e., 1-nitro-, 3-nitro-, 1,6-dinitro-, 3,6-dinitro-, and 1,8-dinitro-BNN, were generated in the nitration of 9,10-BN-naphthalene (BNN), a boron–nitrogen (BN) bond-embedded naphthalene, with AcONO2 and NO2BF4 in acetonitrile. The nitrated products were isolated and characterized by NMR, GC-MS, IR, and X-ray single crystallography. The effects of the nitration on the electron density and aromaticity of BNN were evaluated by B-11 NMR analysis and HOMA calculations.

X-ray emission and X-ray photoelectron studies of electron density distribution in Cu(II) complexes with 2-imidazoline nitroxides

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Mazalov ◽  
S. V. Trubina ◽  
G. K. Parygina ◽  
I. M. Oglezneva ◽  
E. A. Aseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
X Ray

X-ray investigation of electron density redistribution on complexation

1991 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 11-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Dolenko ◽  
A.L. Litvin ◽  
V.P. Elin ◽  
O.Kh. Poleshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Electron Density Redistribution ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Crystallographic features of ammonium fluoroelpasolites: dynamic orientational disorder in crystals of (NH4)3HfF7 and (NH4)3Ti(O2)F5

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. Udovenko ◽  
Alexander A. Karabtsov ◽  
Natalia M. Laptash
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Central Atom ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Orientational Disorder ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
X Ray

A classical elpasolite-type structure is considered with respect to dynamically disordered ammonium fluoro-(oxofluoro-)metallates. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data from high quality (NH4)3HfF7 and (NH4)3Ti(O2)F5 samples enabled the refinement of the ligand and cationic positions in the cubic Fm \bar 3 m (Z = 4) structure. Electron-density atomic profiles show that the ligand atoms are distributed in a mixed (split) position instead of 24e. One of the ammonium groups is disordered near 8c so that its central atom (N1) forms a tetrahedron with vertexes in 32f. However, a center of another group (N2) remains in the 4b site, whereas its H atoms (H2) occupy the 96k positions instead of 24e and, together with the H3 atom in the 32f position, they form eight spatial orientations of the ammonium group. It is a common feature of all ammonium fluoroelpasolites with orientational disorder of structural units of a dynamic nature.

scholarly journals A Method to Improve Electron Density Measurement of Cone-Beam CT Using Dual Energy Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo Men ◽  
Jian-Rong Dai ◽  
Ming-Hui Li ◽  
Xin-Yuan Chen ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Basis Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dual Energy Imaging ◽  
Set Up

Purpose. To develop a dual energy imaging method to improve the accuracy of electron density measurement with a cone-beam CT (CBCT) device.Materials and Methods. The imaging system is the XVI CBCT system on Elekta Synergy linac. Projection data were acquired with the high and low energy X-ray, respectively, to set up a basis material decomposition model. Virtual phantom simulation and phantoms experiments were carried out for quantitative evaluation of the method. Phantoms were also scanned twice with the high and low energy X-ray, respectively. The data were decomposed into projections of the two basis material coefficients according to the model set up earlier. The two sets of decomposed projections were used to reconstruct CBCT images of the basis material coefficients. Then, the images of electron densities were calculated with these CBCT images.Results. The difference between the calculated and theoretical values was within 2% and the correlation coefficient of them was about 1.0. The dual energy imaging method obtained more accurate electron density values and reduced the beam hardening artifacts obviously.Conclusion. A novel dual energy CBCT imaging method to calculate the electron densities was developed. It can acquire more accurate values and provide a platform potentially for dose calculation.

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