CONDUCTANCE OF AMMONIUM NITRATE IN WATER – NITRIC ACID – NITROGEN PENTOXIDE MIXTURES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Taylor ◽  
Charles A. N. Baker ◽  
L. Murray Lyne
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Nitrogen Pentoxide ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Wide Range

Conductance measurements have been made with ammonium nitrate in water – nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide mixtures at various temperatures and over a wide range of concentrations. For all solutions except those rich in nitrogen pentoxide the variation of the specific conductance with the concentration of ammonium nitrate is similar to that observed for many electrolytes in a variety of solvents. With nitrogen-pentoxide-rich solvents however the specific conductance of ammonium nitrate is observed to decrease with increasing salt concentration. This is regarded as indicative of an interaction between the salt and one or more of the components of the nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide system. The variation of conductance with temperature is normal in all cases. It is shown that ammonium nitrate confers a considerable degree of thermal stability on anhydrous nitric acid.

NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: II. NITROLYSIS OF l,5-ENDOMETHYLENE-3,7-DINITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAZA-CYCLOÖCTANE (DPT)

1949 ◽  
Vol 27b (5) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. McKay ◽  
George F Wright ◽  
H. H. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Acid Anhydride ◽  
Nitrogen Pentoxide ◽  
Linear Poly ◽  
Acetyl Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Mixture

When 1,5-enedomethylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane (DPT) is nitrolyzed with nitric acid – ammonium nitrate mixture the products are cyclic trimeric and tetrameric methylenenitramines (RDX and HMX). When the ammonium nitrate in this nitrolysis mixture is replaced by anhydrides such as nitrogen pentoxide or acetic anhydride then terminally esterified linear poly-methylenenitramines such as 1,9-dinitroxy-2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetrazanonane and the 1,9-diacetoxy analogue respectively are obtained. Replacement of this nitric acid – anhydride mixture by acetyl nitrate does not produce the same type of nitrolysis. It is therefore concluded that nitric acid and an anhydride act independently, the former as a nitrolyzing agent and the latter as an esterifying agent. Alternatively the presence of ammonium nitrate serves to promote esterification and/or promote demethylolation.

CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER – NITRIC ACID – NITROGEN PENTOXIDE MIXTURES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Taylor ◽  
L. Murray Lyne ◽  
Alan G. Follows
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Nitrogen Pentoxide ◽  
System Water

Conductance measurements in the system water – nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide have been made over a range of temperatures. The results are in accordance with the findings of Veley and Manley (12) as regards (1) the presence of a minimum in the specific conductance at about 96% by weight nitric acid (2) the existence of a negative temperature coefficient of specific conductance for solutions rich in nitric acid. As reported by Berl and Saenger (1) the specific conductance of solutions of nitrogen pentoxide in nitric acid at first increases with increasing concentration of the former, ultimately attaining a maximum and then decreasing with further increase in the nitrogen pentoxide content. Some viscosity and density data for nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide mixtures are included.

scholarly journals Intracellular Ionic Strength Sensing Using NanoLuc

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Tausif Altamash ◽  
Wesam Ahmed ◽  
Saad Rasool ◽  
Kabir H. Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Cellular Survival ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Wide Range

Intracellular ionic strength regulates myriad cellular processes that are fundamental to cellular survival and proliferation, including protein activity, aggregation, phase separation, and cell volume. It could be altered by changes in the activity of cellular signaling pathways, such as those that impact the activity of membrane-localized ion channels or by alterations in the microenvironmental osmolarity. Therefore, there is a demand for the development of sensitive tools for real-time monitoring of intracellular ionic strength. Here, we developed a bioluminescence-based intracellular ionic strength sensing strategy using the Nano Luciferase (NanoLuc) protein that has gained tremendous utility due to its high, long-lived bioluminescence output and thermal stability. Biochemical experiments using a recombinantly purified protein showed that NanoLuc bioluminescence is dependent on the ionic strength of the reaction buffer for a wide range of ionic strength conditions. Importantly, the decrease in the NanoLuc activity observed at higher ionic strengths could be reversed by decreasing the ionic strength of the reaction, thus making it suitable for sensing intracellular ionic strength alterations. Finally, we used an mNeonGreen–NanoLuc fusion protein to successfully monitor ionic strength alterations in a ratiometric manner through independent fluorescence and bioluminescence measurements in cell lysates and live cells. We envisage that the biosensing strategy developed here for detecting alterations in intracellular ionic strength will be applicable in a wide range of experiments, including high throughput cellular signaling, ion channel functional genomics, and drug discovery.

Thermal Stability and Safe Venting of the Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate-Nitric Acid-Water (“Red Oil”) System - I: Two-Layer System Mass Transfer Theory

2008 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Hans K. Fauske ◽  
Charles F. Askonas ◽  
Marc A. Vial ◽  
Patricia Paviet-Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Acid Water ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Transfer Theory ◽  
Mass Transfer Theory

scholarly journals STUDY OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS-POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS BASED ON AMMONIUM NITRATE BY X-RAY DIFFRACTUON

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Konstantin G. Gorbovskiy ◽  
Alena S. Ryzhova ◽  
Andrey M. Norov ◽  
Denis A. Pagaleshkin ◽  
Valentina N. Kalinina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Products ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Complex mineral ammonium nitrate-based fertilizers are complex multicomponent salt systems possessing low thermal stability and prone to self-sustaining decomposition. This leads to the need to increase the requirements for fire and explosion safety in their manufacture, storage and transportation, caused by the fact that ammonium nitrate is a solid oxidant able to support a combustion, and its heating in confined space can lead to detonation. Components that make up such fertilizers can both reduce (phosphates and ammonium sulfate) and accelerate (chlorine compounds) decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Thus, the thermal stability of fertilizers based on ammonium nitrate largely depends on the ratio of the components that make up its composition or formed as a result of the chemical reaction. The simplest way to reduce the content of ammonium nitrate and increase the thermal stability of fertilizer without changing the content of essential nutrients is to increase the degree of phosphoric acid ammoniation. In this paper, the phase composition change of grade 22:11:11 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer obtained with different ammoniation degree in the process of thermal decomposition was studied by X-ray phase analysis. To obtain this fertilizer, wet-process phosphoric acid obtained sulfuric acid attack of the Khibin apatite concentrate by a hemihydrate method is used. It is shown that an increase in the ammoniation degree has a significant effect on the exothermic decomposition of ammonium nitrate and the amount of material that is released into the gas phase. The phases formed at each stage of the decomposition are determined.Forcitation:Gorbovskiy K.G., Ryzhova A.S., Norov A.M., Pagaleshkin D.A., Kalinina V.N., Mikhaylichenko A.I. Study of thermal decomposition products of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers based on ammonium nitrate by X-ray diffractuon. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 72-77

scholarly journals Thermal fractionation of soil organic matter produces fine-scale distributions of SOM age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Stoner ◽  
Carlos Sierra ◽  
Marion Schrumpf ◽  
Sebastian Dötterl ◽  
Susan Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Release

<p>Soil organic matter (SOM) is a complex collection of organic molecules of varying origin, structure, chemical activity, and mineral association. A wide array of laboratory methods exists to separate SOM based on qualitative, biological, chemical, and physical characteristics. However, all present conceptual and logistical limitations, including the requirement of a substantial amount soil material.</p><p>An newly applied alternative method of fractionation relies on a conceptual analogue between biochemical stability in soil and thermal stability, e.g. more persistent SOM will require higher temperatures (greater energy inputs) to decompose than less persistent SOM. This accounts for both chemical complexity and mineral association as main factors in determining SOM persistence.</p><p>In this method, carbon is released by heating SOM to 900°C at a constant rate. The peaks of carbon release are grouped into activation energy pools, CO<sub>2 </sub>is collected, and analyzed for <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>14</sup>C. We seek to describe in finer detail the distribution of soil radiocarbon by adding another fractionation step following a different paradigm of SOM stability, and explore mineralogical effects on SOM quality and stability using thermal analysis, radiocarbon, and gas chromatography.</p><p>Here, we analyzed bulk soil and soil fractions derived from density separation and chemical oxidation, as well as mineral horizons dominated by diverse mineralogies. Density fractions contained a wide range of radiocarbon activities and that young SOM is stabilized across multiple fractions, likely due to organomineral complexation. Initial results showed that soil minerals with limited stabilization potential released C at lower temperatures than those with diverse stabilization mechanisms. High-temperature sub-fractions contained the oldest carbon across fractions and minerals, thus supporting the assumption that thermal stability can be used as a limited analogue for stability in soil. We present a fine-scale distribution of radiocarbon in SOM and discuss the potential of this method for comparison with other fractionation techniques.</p>

scholarly journals Copolymerization of 4-Acetylphenyl Methacrylate with Ethyl Methacrylate: Synthesis, Characterization, Monomer Reactivity Ratios, and Thermal Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gamze Barim ◽  
Mustafa Gokhun Yayla
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Monomer Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monomer Feed ◽  
Copolymer Poly

Methacrylates have high glass transition temperature (Tg) values and high thermal stability. A new methacrylate copolymer, poly(4-acetylphenyl methacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) (APMA-co-EMA), was synthesized. The thermal behaviors of copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. They behaved as new single polymers with singleTg’s and the thermal stability of the copolymers increased with increasing 4-acetylphenyl methacrylate (APMA) fraction, leading to the manufacture of copolymers with desiredTgvalues. Structure and composition of copolymers for a wide range of monomer feed ratios were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Copolymerization reactions were continued up to 40% conversions. The monomer reactivity ratios for copolymer system were determined by the Kelen-Tüdös (ra(APMA)=0.81;rb(EMA)=0.61) and extended Kelen-Tüdös (ra=0.77;rb=0.54) methods and a nonlinear least squares (ra=0.74;rb=0.49) method.

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