Development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of Alternaria species from soil and plant debris

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon Gyu Hong ◽  
Barry M Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Saprobic Fungi ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Moderate Effect

A new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (AWPDA) with Mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of Alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. The medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against Alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, Botran (active ingredient: dichloran), Bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and Mertect, and two basal media, acidified potato-dextrose agar (APDA) and AWPDA. Botran inhibited growth of Rhizopus stolonifer moderately, but had little effect on Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, or Trichoderma harzianum. Bayleton inhibited growth of R. stolonifer and C. cladosporoides severely, and inhibited growth of F. oxysporum, P. chrysogenum, and T. harzianum moderately. Mertect inhibited growth of C. cladosporoides, F. oxysporum, P. chrysogenum, and T. harzianum completely, but had little or moderate effect on R. stolonifer. All three antifungal agents inhibited growth of Alternaria species slightly or moderately. The combination of Bayleton and Mertect inhibited growth of all fungi severely. A comparison of recovery rates of Alternaria from soil and plant debris samples on AWPDA with Mertect and weak potato-dextrose agar (WPDA) revealed that Alternaria spp. accounted for 63.6%–81.0% of recovered fungal isolates on AWPDA with Mertect as compared to 0.6%–2.7% of recovered isolates on WPDA. The AWPDA medium with Mertect exhibited superior selective growth of Alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris, and will be useful in studies where the recovery and enumeration of Alternaria species is necessary.Key words: Alternaria, AWPDA, selective media, sporulation, Mertect.

scholarly journals Ionic liquids as potentially new antifungal agents against Alternaria species

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (38) ◽  
pp. 22318-22323
Author(s):  
Maja Karaman ◽  
Milan Vraneš ◽  
Aleksandar Tot ◽  
Snežana Papović ◽  
Dragana Miljaković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Alternaria Species

The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro antifungal activities of 18 newly synthesized ionic liquids (ILs) against three Alternaria strains: A. padwickii, A. dauci and A. linicola.

Detection of Zoonotic Yersinia Infection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Dogs in Sokoto State Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Nathaniel Pilau ◽  
Shehu Zaid ◽  
Abubakar Sadiq Yakubu ◽  
Bashir Saidu ◽  
Umar , Yakubu Dabai ,
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Yersinia Species ◽  
Yersinia Infection ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Suspicion Index

Background: Zoonotic Yersinia infection has been previously reported in humans and animal hosts in Nigeria, occasionally with fulminant disease. Despite earlier evidence of Yersinia pathogen circulating in human and animal populations in Nigeria, studies and suspicion index to Yersinia is below an acceptable average amongst clinicians, diagnosticians, academics and health policy officers. Methods: The deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) was used as a selective media to culture Yersinia, preceded by inoculation in MacConkay agar. Plates with evident growth in the differential media consistent with reported accounts for Yersinia were picked and inoculated in selective medium and left for 48 hours until growth was seen, other samples were left until five days before being discarded as negative. Pure cultures were subjected to a comprehensive biochemical test standard and previously applied for diagnosis and discrimination of Yersinia species. Result: This research recorded an overall microbial prevalence of 30%. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica was 18.3% and Y. pseudotuberculosis 11.7%. Male dogs presented a relative prevalence of Y. enterocolitica 40.9% compared with 59.1% recorded for female dogs. Symptomatic dogs presented a relative prevalence of Y. enterocolitica of 86.4% and Y. pseudotuberculosis of 71.4%

scholarly journals A New Selective Medium for the Recovery and Enumeration of Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, and M. laxa from Stone Fruits

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achour Amiri ◽  
Imre J. Holb ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Peach Fruit

Isolation of Monilinia spp. from stone and pome fruit surfaces is difficult due to the presence of several fast-growing fungal species such as Rhizopus, Alternaria, and Penicillium spp. Therefore, a new selective medium (acidified potato dextrose agar [pH 3.6] amended with fosetyl-aluminum [fosetyl-AL] at 500 μg/ml) (APDA-F500) was developed for the recovery of Monilinia propagules. The antifungal agents fosetyl-Al, dichloran, ammonium molybdate, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dD-glucose) were tested in potato dextrose agar (PDA) for their selective activity against Monilinia fructicola and seven common fungal contaminants of peach, including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum acutatum, Gilbertella persicaria, Penicillium expansum, Phomopsis amygdali, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Dichloran, ammonium molybdate, and 2-dD-glucose inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of all test fungi, including M. fructicola, at comparable levels. Fosetyl-Al added to PDA (PDA-F) at 500 or 1,000 μg/ml did not inhibit germination of any of the fungi but had a strong effect on mycelial growth of six of eight test fungi at 1,000 μg/ml, with the exceptions being R. stolonifer and M. fructicola. Germination and mycelial growth of M. fructicola were least affected on APDA-F500 compared with the other test fungi. On APDA-F500 at pH 3.2 and 3.6, germination of M. fructicola was not inhibited but mycelial growth was reduced by 54.2 and 24.2%, respectively. In all, 17 M. fructicola, 6 M. fructigena, and 6 M. laxa isolates collected from different geographic locations and diverse hosts were evaluated for their germination and mycelial growth on APDA-F500 (at pH 3.6). Germination was not inhibited for any isolate and relative mycelial growth was 45.8 to 83.3%. Field-grown peach fruit from South Carolina and Hungary and plum fruit from Hungary were used to test the selectivity of APDA-F500 for the recovery of three Monilinia spp. compared with PDA-F500 and Monilinia selective medium (MSM) previously developed for Monilinia spp. detection. Percent recovery of M. fructicola from South Carolinian peach fruit was highest on APDA-F500 (0, 17, and 69% in June, July, and August, respectively) compared with PDA-F500 (0, 3.5, and 50%, respectively) and MSM (0, 0, and 6.8%, respectively). Moreover, APDA-F500 selectively recovered M. fructigena and M. laxa propagules from the surfaces of Hungarian peach and plum fruit. Our results indicate that APDA-F500 is a useful medium for selective isolation and enumeration of the three most common Monilinia spp. attacking stone fruits worldwide.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS FUNGISIDA BAHAN PENGAWET KAYU BERBAHAN AKTIF MAJEMUK TERHADAP JAMUR BIRU Diplodia sp

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Ismanto ◽  
Dominicus Martono
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Inhibition Rate ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fungicide Activity

Fungicide Activity of Complex-Active Ingredient of Preservative Wood  Against Bluestain of Diplodia sp.         Wood preservatives containing chlorotalonyl 450 g/L and carbendazim 100 g/L (Entiblu 450/100SC) was a pesticide compound serves to prevent fungal attacks Diplodia sp on the media of PDA (Potato Dextrose Agars) and to prevent germination of the spores. Inhibition of the rate and intensity of Diplodia sp fungus attacks on the media in petridish indicated a slowing rate of growth of the mycelium. The results showed that the pesticides containing chlorotalonyl 450 g/L and carbendazim 100 g/L with a concentration of 2 x 1.5 kg/ m³ could prevent the growth of the mycelium of Diplodia sp, inhibition rate reached 100%. For single ingredient chlorotalonyl 75 % (Chlorotalonil 75 WP) a concentration of ½ x 0.375 kg/m³ had been able to prevent the growth of the mycelium up to 100 %, while in carbendazim 50 % (Carbendazim 50 WP) to reached 100 % inhibition at a concentration of 1 x  0.75 kg/m³. Pesticides which was a mixture of active ingredients chlorotalonyl 450 g/L and carbendazim 100 g/L  no antagonism activity.Keywords : fungicide, complex active ingredient, bluestain of Diplodia sp, chlorotalonyl, carbendazim ABSTRAK           Bahan pengawet  kayu yang mengandung klorotalonil 450 g/L dan karbendasim 100 g/L  (Entiblu 450/100SC) merupakan pestisida majemuk berfungsi untuk mencegah serangan jamur Diplodia sp pada media agar PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) dan mencegah perkecambahan spora. Penghambatan laju dan intensitas serangan jamur Diplodia sp pada media dalam cawan petri ditunjukkan  pelambatan kecepatan pertumbuhan miselium.  Hasil pengujian  menunjukkan bahwa pada pestisida yang mengandung klorotalonil 450 g/L dan karbendasim 100 g/L  dengan konsentrasi 2 x 1,5 kg/m³ dapat mencegah pertumbuhan miselium Diplodia sp , tingkat penghambatan mencapai 100 %. Untuk bahan tunggal klorotalonil 75 %  (Chlorotalonil 75WP) pada konsentrasi ½ x 0,375 kg/m³ telah mampu mencegah pertumbuhan miselium  sampai 100 %, sedangkan pada karbendasim 50 % (Carbendazim 50 WP) untuk mencapai penghambatan 100 % baru pada konsentrasi 1 x 0,75 kg/m³. Pestisida yang merupakan campuran bahan aktif klorotalonil 450 g/L dan karbendasim 100 g/L tidak ada aktivitas antagonisme.Kata kunci : fungisida, bahan aktif majemuk, jamur biru Diplodia sp, klorotalonil, karbendasim

scholarly journals Association of Malassezia pachydermatis with the otitic and the normal ear canal of the dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
E. BOURTZI-HATZOPOULOU (Ε. ΜΠΟΥΡΤΖΗ-ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
E. PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ) ◽  
V. PSYHOYOS (B. ΨΥΧΟΓΙΟΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Direct Microscopic Examination ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of M. pachydermatis in otitic and healthy ear canals of the dogs and to test the sensitivity of this microorganism to antifungal agents. A total of 180 swabs, 98 from otitic and 82 from clinically healthy dogs, were collected during the years 1998-2000 in Thessaloniki area (Greece). From all the swabs, smears for direct microscopic examination and inoculation on selective media for bacteria and fungi isolation were made. From the 90 M. pachydermatis isolates, 68 (69,38%) were made from infected and 32 (39,02%) from clinically healthy dogs. M. pachydermatiswas the sole isolate in 20 (20,39%) infected and in 12 (14,63%) non infected dogs. In 48 otitic and in 20 clinically healthy dogs, M. pachydermatis was associated with bacteria as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Streptococcus spp. and fungi as Candida spp. ana Aspergillus spp.. S. intermediuswas isolated from 13 infected and 20 non infected animals. A mixed bacterial flora was grown from 6 infected and 22 clinically healthy animals, respectively, while no growth of microorganisms from 11 otitic and 8 healthy dogs was observed. All Malassezia tested strains (46) were found sensitive to ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole and clotrimazole. Nystatin was found effective to 38 isolates and noneffective to 8.

scholarly journals Recovery and Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus by the Selective Agar

Fine Focus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Jill Bange ◽  
Emily Brumfield ◽  
Alysha L. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Overlay Method

Staphylococcus aureus isan example of a commensal bacterium responsible for emesis, acute diarrheal syndrome, and sepsis. S. aureus often must be isolated from patient samples in a clinical setting or from food samples during food processing in an industrial setting, although these bacterial cells may be injured by the human immune system or by food processing measures. Therefore, injured cells may not be fully recovered on media selective for S. aureus and enumeration (e.g., CFU/mL) may not reflect the true concentration of the original sample. The objective of this study was to determine whether the selective agar overlay method of recovery is more sensitive, selective, and time-effective for enumeration of artificially injured S. aureus cultures when compared to more traditional techniques. The selective agar overlay method involves pour plating S. aureus in non-selective medium, allowing the sample to incubate for a four hour recovery period, and then overlaying selective medium over the non-selective medium. Artificial injury of S. aureus cells was accomplished by treatment with carvacrol, an extract from oil of oregano. Our results indicated that carvacrol-injured S. aureus cells were recovered by the selective agar overlay at the same concentration as recovery on non-selective media, and at a significantly higher concentration than recovery on selective media. This method allows for more rapid and accurate diagnoses, and may be more cost-effective due to the reduction or elimination of false negative results.

MEIOSIS CAN INDUCE RECOMBINATION IN rad52 MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-550
Author(s):  
Michael A Resnick ◽  
John Nitiss ◽  
Charles Edwards ◽  
Robert E Malone
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Rich Medium ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Single Strand Breaks ◽  
Nutrient Rich Medium

ABSTRACT The RAD52 and RAD50 genes have previously been shown to be required for normal meiotic recombination and for various types of recombination occurring in mitotic cells. Recent evidence suggests that rad52 mutants might be defective in an intermediate recombination step; we therefore examined recombination during meiosis in several rad52 mutants at several different loci and in genetic backgrounds that yield efficient sporulation and synchronous meiosis. Similar to previous reports, spores from rad52 diploids are inviable and meiotic recombination is greatly reduced by rad52 mutations. However, intragenic recombinants were detected when cells were plated on selective media during meiosis; rad52 mutants experience induction of recombination between homologues under these special conditions. The frequencies of recombination at four loci were considerably greater than the mitotic controls; however, they were still at least 20 times lower than corresponding Rad+ strains. The prototrophs induced by meiosis in rad52 mutants were not typical meiotic recombinants because incubation in nutrient-rich medium before plating to selective medium resulted in the complete loss of recombinants. We propose that previously observed single-strand breaks that accumulate in rad52 mutants may be associated with recombinational intermediates that are resolved when cells are returned to selective mitotic media and that the meiosis-induced recombination in rad52 cells does not involve double-strand breaks.

scholarly journals Effects of Horseradish Oil and Eight Isothiocyanates Vapour Treatment on Postharvest Disease Control and Their Efficacy as Preservatives of Mature Green Tomato

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 2688-2695
Author(s):  
Jing-jing Ren ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Pu-xing Hou ◽  
Hua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Tomato Disease

This study evaluated the potential of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) oil (ARO) and eight isothiocyanates (propyl ITC [ProITC], isopropyl ITC [IsoproITC], n-butyl ITC [n-BuITC], 3-butenyl ITC [3-BeITC], phenyl ITC [PhITC], benzyl ITC [BzITC], 2-phenylethyl ITC [PhEITC], and allyl ITC [AITC]) as preservatives and antifungal agents for postharvest tomato disease control. Results showed that ARO and eight ITCs demonstrated antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Geotrichum candidum, which can cause the decay of mature green tomato during storage. Allyl-ITC (AITC) had the lowest EC50 values of mycelia growth suppression, with 0.18, 0.44, 0.29, and 0.43 μg/ml air for B. cinerea, A. alternata, R. stolonifer, and G. candidum, respectively. ARO, 2-PhEITC, BzITC, and AITC exhibited better efficacy as preservatives of mature green tomato than other ITCs on the basis of some parameters, such as low decay rate, slow reduction in weight loss, slight change in hardness, slow decrease in acidity, and total soluble solid content of treated tomatoes. GC-MS revealed that 2-PhEITC (77.78%) and AITC (15.87%) were the major components of ARO. These results can be used as a basis to develop preservative products composed of ITCs.

Selective Efficacy of Culture Media Recommended for Isolation and Enumeration of Fusarium spp.

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. BRAGULAT ◽  
E. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
G. CASTELLÁ ◽  
F. J. CABAÑES
Keyword(s):  
Malachite Green ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Different Strains

Selective culture media, such as Nash and Snyder medium (NS), dichloran-chloramphenicol peptone agar (DCPA), modified Czapek-Dox agar (MCz), Czapek Dox iprodione dichloran agar (CZID), potato dextrose iprodione dichloran agar (PDID), or malachite green agar (MGA 2.5), have been developed for isolating and enumerating Fusarium spp. from natural samples. However, some of these culture media are not very selective because they allow the growth of many other fungal species. In this study, a comparison of the selective efficacy of these culture media, using different strains of Fusarium spp. (F. anthophilum, F. culmorum, F. dlamini, F. graminearum, F. napiforme, F. nygamai, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides) and natural samples has been carried out. Among the six recommended selective culture media assayed, no statistical differences were detected in colony counts of the Fusarium spp. strains tested, although the colony diameters in MGA 2.5 were significantly lower than in NS, MCz, DCPA, CZID, and PDID media. With natural samples, MGA 2.5 performs as a potent selective medium for Fusarium spp., whereas the other recommended selective media allow the growth of many other different fungal species including Zygomycetes and yeasts.

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