Composition and diversity of fungi on decaying logs in a New Zealand temperate beech (Nothofagus) forest

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Allen ◽  
Peter K Buchanan ◽  
Peter W Clinton ◽  
Angela J Cone
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Cation Concentration ◽  
Nothofagus Forest ◽  
Dominant Pattern

Saprobic fungal taxa on decomposing mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole) logs were investigated in relation to properties of logs including stage of decay, size, nutrient concentration, and moisture content. We also determined whether logs become increasingly heterogeneous in nutrient concentration and moisture content with decay and also whether log heterogeneity related to fungal taxa diversity. Sporocarps were collected from the same 75 logs in spring (November 1995, 80 taxa) and autumn (May 1996, 151 taxa). For both seasons the dominant pattern in fungal taxa composition was only weakly related to measured properties of logs; however, a secondary pattern was found related to a fungal taxa succession reflecting stage of decay. In the autumn collection, Biscogniauxia capnodes (Berk.) Y.-M. Ju & J.D. Rogers and Schizopora nothofagi (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden occurred on small logs in the early stages of decay, with relatively low N. Decayed logs, with relatively high N, were characterized by Marasmius otagensis G. Stev. and Athelia epiphylla Pers. Our observations were not consistent with previously described successional trends from soft- to white- and brown-rot fungi as logs decay. The number of fungal taxa increased with log volume, and, additionally for the autumn collection, with heterogeneity in cation concentration suggesting habitat heterogeneity may be a factor in explaining log fungal taxa diversity.

Comparative Morphology of Early Stages of Brown-Rot Wood Decay

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wayne Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Poria Placenta ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Early Progression

Early stages of decay by two brown-rot fungi in two woods were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The earliest diagnostic feature to appear was hyphae in the earlywood lumina. The earliest effect on cell walls was the loss of birefringence in the earlywood; Poria placenta (syn. Postia placenta) caused this loss at the earliest stage of decay observed, in both Douglas-fir and white fir, while Gloeophyllum trabeum caused significant weight loss before loss of birefringence was visible. Attack on the latewood progressed from the earlywood, and was different in pattern among the wood/fungus combinations. Hyphal and bore hole diameter increased throughout the early progression of decay and would be useful in evaluating the stage of decay, if the starting diameter of hyphae could be determined. Separation between cells was not observed until moderate stages of decay and, therefore, was not useful in diagnosing early stages of decay.

scholarly journals Effect of the degree of decay on the electrical resistance of wood degraded by brown-rot fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Gao ◽  
Xiaoquan Yue ◽  
Lihai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference

There have been limited efforts to investigate the association between wood decay and electrical resistance; consequently, we have examined the change in the electrical resistance of wood progressively decayed by brown-rot fungi to elucidate the effect of the degree of decay. The rate of mass loss of wood was used as an indicator of the degree of fungal decay. The changes in the moisture content and ion concentrations were measured at various decay stages. The results showed a significant difference in the electrical resistances of sound wood and fungal-treated wood after 24 weeks. The electrical resistance significantly decreased with the exposure time. The degree of decay increased as the mass loss increased, resulting in the severe breakdown of cell walls and the accumulation of fungal mycelia. Empirical models related to the rate of mass loss and the percent decrease in the electrical resistance were established. The moisture content and cation concentrations increased to various degrees in decayed wood. This increase in the cation concentration was considered to play a dominant role in the decrease in the electrical resistance. The study results provide valuable information for developing an electrical resistance based method coupled with ion content measurements for incipient wood decay detection.

Predicted harvest time effects on switchgrass moisture content, nutrient concentration, yield, and profitability

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 74-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen R. Lindsay ◽  
Michael P. Popp ◽  
Charles P. West ◽  
Amanda J. Ashworth ◽  
Alexandre Caldeira Rocateli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Time Effects

scholarly journals Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment Solely via Biocatalysis as a Partial Simultaneous Lignino-Holocellulolysis Process

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Justine Oma Angadam ◽  
Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe ◽  
Boredi Silas Chidi ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Vincent Ifeanyi Okudoh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Approach

Human endeavors generate a significant quantity of bio-waste, even lignocellulosic waste, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, and can cause pollution to aquatic ecosystems, and contribute to detrimental animal and human health because of the toxicity of consequent hydrolysis products. This paper contributes to a new understanding of the lignocellulosic waste bio-pretreatment process from a literature review, which can provide better biorefinery operational outcomes. The simultaneous partial biological lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose lysis, i.e., simultaneous semi-lignino-holocellulolysis, is aimed at suggesting that when ligninolysis ensues, holocellulolysis is simultaneously performed for milled lignocellulosic waste instead of having a sequential process of initial ligninolysis and subsequent holocellulolysis as is currently the norm. It is presumed that such a process can be solely performed by digestive enzyme cocktails from the monkey cups of species such as Nepenthes, white and brown rot fungi, and some plant exudates. From the literature review, it was evident that the pretreatment of milled lignocellulosic waste is largely incomplete, and ligninolysis including holocellulolysis ensues simultaneously when the waste is milled. It is further proposed that lignocellulosic waste pretreatment can be facilitated using an environmentally friendly approach solely using biological means. For such a process to be understood and applied on an industrial scale, an interdisciplinary approach using process engineering and microbiology techniques is required.

Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Block Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

scholarly journals Linking Genes to Traits in Fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Romero-Olivares ◽  
E. W. Morrison ◽  
A. Pringle ◽  
S. D. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Organic Matter Decomposition ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Linked Gene ◽  
Carbon Cycles ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

AbstractFungi are mediators of the nitrogen and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Examining how nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition potential differs in fungi can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms driving fungal ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we assessed the frequency of genes encoding for specific enzymes that facilitate nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition in 879 fungal genomes with fungal taxa grouped into trait-based categories. Our linked gene-trait data approach revealed that gene frequencies vary across and within trait-based groups and that trait-based categories differ in trait space. We present two examples of how this linked gene-trait approach can be used to address ecological questions. First, we show that this type of approach can help us better understand, and potentially predict, how fungi will respond to environmental stress. Specifically, we found that trait-based categories with high nitrogen uptake gene frequency increased in relative abundance when exposed to high soil nitrogen enrichment. Second, by comparing frequencies of nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition genes, we found that most ectomycorrhizal fungi in our dataset have similar gene frequencies to brown rot fungi. This demonstrates that gene-trait data approaches can shed light on potential evolutionary trajectories of life history traits in fungi. We present a framework for exploring nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition gene frequencies in fungal trait-based groups and provide two concise examples on how to use our framework to address ecological questions from a mechanistic perspective.

Bioremediation of DDT contaminated soil using brown-rot fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Setyo Purnomo ◽  
Toshio Mori ◽  
Kazuhiro Takagi ◽  
Ryuichiro Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi
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