Intensive short rotation forestry in boreal climates: present and future perspectives

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1369-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weih
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Silvicultural Practice ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Boreal Climate

Short rotation forestry (SRF) is regarded as a silvicultural practice employing high-density plantations of fast-growing tree species on fertile land with a rotation period of fewer than 10–12 years. I address the challenges and possibilities of SRF applications under the circumstances of a boreal climate, today as well as after anticipated climate change. The implications of a pronounced winter season for the performance of biomass crops are discussed. Poplars, aspens, and willows are superior in boreal SRF because of their fast growth rate in combination with good cold hardiness. These trees can enrich the coniferous forests of boreal regions and increase biodiversity in open agricultural landscapes of the boreal zone. Further, SRF plantations can serve as tools for the amelioration of environmental problems at local (e.g., phytoremediation) and global (e.g., increased greenhouse effect) scales. The biomass yields achieved in boreal SRF and the appropriate production systems appear do not appear to be principally different from warmer regions, but there are some differences with respect to the importance of fertilization, appropriate spacing, and rotation length. The major barriers for a rapid development of SRF appear not to be climatic, technical, or environmental constraints in many boreal regions.

scholarly journals Measuring Multifunctional Agricultural Landscapes

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Bingjie Song ◽  
Guy Robinson ◽  
Douglas Bardsley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multifunctional Agriculture ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Future Research Agenda

Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has attracted increased attention from academics and policymakers in recent years. Academic researchers have utilised various approaches to assess and measure the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural landscapes. This paper outlines the nature of MFA and key supporting policies, before reviewing the applied research approaches, drawing primarily from the European Union and China where specific policies on MFA have been implemented to support rural development and promote sustainable rural communities. Four distinct types of valuation of modern MFA are recognised: economic, biophysical, socio-cultural, and holistic. Following a search of both the recent and older MFA literature, evaluations of the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods applications are provided using examples from a range of recent studies. The review illustrates the diversity of approaches to measure MFA. While noting that many studies operate at a landscape scale, the challenge remains that the lack of commonality in the research approaches applied means it is difficult to provide effective comparisons between studies or to compare findings. A future research agenda will need to emphasise the need for more consideration of the roles of MFA research to support decision-makers, especially policy makers, but also farmers who largely make decisions for individual farms but, if considered collectively, can transform production systems at a landscape scale.

scholarly journals Modeling the Ecosystem Services Related to Phytoextraction: Carbon Sequestration Potential Using Willow and Poplar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8011
Author(s):  
Francesco Riccioli ◽  
Werther Guidi Nissim ◽  
Matteo Masi ◽  
Emily Palm ◽  
Stefano Mancuso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Carbon Sequestration Potential ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Specific Affinity

Poplar and willow demonstrate great potential for the phytoextraction of trace elements (TEs) from soils. In most cases, these species are managed as short-rotation coppice, producing high woody biomass yields, which could provide a valuable contribution toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. In the current study, we compared the TE extraction and CO2 sequestration rates in a four-year field trial in Southern Italy of two arboreal species (willow and poplar). The results show that, once established in the study area, willow extracted more Cd and Cu and less Pb than poplar. The two species demonstrated the same average Ni and Zn extraction rates. Greater biomass yields in poplar suggest that this species was able to fix greater amounts of CO2 (28.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1) than willow (24.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1). We argue that the choice of the species to be used in phytoextraction should first be made considering the TE-specific affinity and phytoextraction rates. For TEs whose extraction rates were the same (i.e., Ni and Zn), poplar is to be preferred because of its ability to fix greater amounts of CO2 than willow.

scholarly journals Willow Short-Rotation Coppice as Model System for Exploring Ecological Theory on Biodiversity–Ecosystem Function

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weih ◽  
Carolyn Glynn ◽  
Christel Baum
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Plant Plant

Plantations of willow (Salix spp.) are today grown as short-rotation coppice (SRC) for the sustainable production of biomass. While developing these production systems in the past, much ecological knowledge on plant–plant, plant–environment and trophic interactions has been generated. This knowledge can contribute to the further development of biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) theory, which frequently lacks a sound understanding of the complex mechanisms behind the observed patterns of diversity-productivity relationships. Thus, willow SRC systems are suitable models to explore BEF theory; they are simple enough to allow the study of the complex ecological mechanisms involved and they have many similarities to grassland systems in which much of recent BEF theory development has been achieved. This paper briefly reviews the current observational and mechanistic knowledge on diversity–productivity relationships in willow SRC, as well as the most important above- and below-ground trophic interactions that are likely to affect them. If the available knowledge is integrated and combined with further experimental work targeting mechanisms behind patterns, research on willow SRC as a model offers a great opportunity for filling the gaps in the understanding what presently hampers the development of predictive BEF theory.

scholarly journals The accelerating rotation of the magnetic He-weak star HD 142990

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (4) ◽  
pp. 5558-5566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shultz ◽  
Th Rivinius ◽  
B Das ◽  
G A Wade ◽  
P Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Period ◽  
Photometric Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Surface Magnetic Field ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Magnetic Stars ◽  
Weak Star ◽  
Rotational Evolution ◽  
Strong Surface ◽  
Rapid Rotator

ABSTRACT HD 142990 (V 913 Sco; B5 V) is a He-weak star with a strong surface magnetic field and a short rotation period (Prot ∼ 1 d). Whilst it is clearly a rapid rotator, recent determinations of Prot are in formal disagreement. In this paper, we collect magnetic and photometric data with a combined 40-yr baseline in order to re-evaluate Prot and examine its stability. Both period analysis of individual data sets and O − C analysis of the photometric data demonstrate that Prot has decreased over the past 30 yr, violating expectations from magnetospheric braking models, but consistent with behaviour reported for 2 other hot, rapidly rotating magnetic stars, CU Vir and HD 37776. The available magnetic and photometric time series for HD 142990 can be coherently phased assuming a spin-up rate $\dot{P}$ of approximately −0.6 s yr−1, although there is some indication that $\dot{P}$ may have slowed in recent years, possibly indicating an irregular or cyclic rotational evolution.

scholarly journals Neutrinos from Relativistic Outflows of Fast Spinning Magnetars

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghuan Luo
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Neutrino Flux ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Stellar Envelope ◽  
Energetic Ions ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Polar Gap ◽  
High Energy Neutrinos

AbstractPulsars may be born with a short rotation period of milliseconds with the magnetic field amplified through dynamo processes up to ∼1015–1016 G. Such millisecond magnetars spin down rapidly, emitting bursts of high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays. Specifically, acceleration of ions in both the polar gap (as in a normal pulsar) and the relativistic magnetar wind is considered. In both cases ions can be accelerated to ultra-high energies and these energetic ions can lead to production of high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays through interaction with thermal radiation from the hot neutron star or the heated inner boundary region of the stellar envelope as the result of the deposition of energy by the magnetar wind. The detectability of the neutrino flux by a kilometre-scale neutrino detector such as the planned IceCube neutrino observatory is discussed.

scholarly journals Soil attributes and biomass yield from Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis

CERNE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robson Schaff Corrêa ◽  
Antônio Francisco Jurado Bellote
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Silvicultural Practice ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Chemical Attributes

Biomass yield from Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis is conditional on soil attributes. With the silvicultural practice currently being used in Brazil, Pinus stands might produce lower yields due to nutrient shift from harvest and due to changes in the edaphic environment from mechanization. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate chemical and physical soil attributes and determine which are correlated with higher biomass yields. Four commercial stands were selected, with differing growth patterns, each having four trees selected from the dominant layer, in addition to soil samples for chemical and physical analyses. Soil attributes and biomass yield data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), means were compared by the Tukey test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined. Chemical attributes directly or indirectly associated with the sum of bases and physical attributes associated with water availability were found to be related to biomass yield.

scholarly journals The Short Rotation Period of Nereid

2003 ◽  
Vol 591 (1) ◽  
pp. L71-L74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Grav ◽  
Matthew J. Holman ◽  
J. J. Kavelaars
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Period ◽  
Short Rotation

scholarly journals Dehydrins and Soluble Sugars Involved in Cold Acclimation of Rosa wichurana and Rose Cultivar ‘Yesterday’

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Lin Ouyang ◽  
Leen Leus ◽  
Ellen De Keyser ◽  
Marie-Christine Van Labeke
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Cold Hardy

Rose is the most economically important ornamental plant. However, cold stress seriously affects the survival and regrowth of garden roses in northern regions. Cold acclimation was studied using two genotypes (Rosa wichurana and R. hybrida ‘Yesterday’) selected from a rose breeding program. During the winter season (November to April), the cold hardiness of stems, soluble sugar content, and expression of dehydrins and the related key genes in the soluble sugar metabolism were analyzed. ‘Yesterday’ is more cold-hardy and acclimated faster, reaching its maximum cold hardiness in December. R. wichurana is relatively less cold-hardy, only reaching its maximum cold hardiness in January after prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. Dehydrin transcripts accumulated significantly during November–January in both genotypes. Soluble sugars are highly involved in cold acclimation, with sucrose and oligosaccharides significantly correlated with cold hardiness. Sucrose occupied the highest proportion of total soluble sugars in both genotypes. During November–January, downregulation of RhSUS was found in both genotypes, while upregulation of RhSPS was observed in ‘Yesterday’ and upregulation of RhINV2 was found in R. wichurana. Oligosaccharides accumulated from November to February and decreased to a significantly low level in April. RhRS6 had a significant upregulation in December in R. wichurana. This study provides insight into the cold acclimation mechanism of roses by combining transcription patterns with metabolite quantification.

scholarly journals Biomass production of grey alder, hybrid alder and silver birch stands on abandoned agricultural land

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Aosaar ◽  
Veiko Uri
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
The Mean

Halli lepa, hübriidlepa ja arukase biomassi produktsioon endistel põllumaadel The present study is based on four experimental sites, located in Southern-Estonia: hybrid alder and grey alder plantations located in Põlva county, and two sample plots of silver birch, located in Tartu county. The stand characteristics, above-ground biomass and current annual production (CAP) were estimated in order to evaluate production capacity of different tree species growing on abandoned agricultural lands. Due to fast growth and high biomass production capacity the most promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Estonia is grey alder. The stem mass in the 13-years-old grey alder and hybrid alder stand was 63.4 t ha-1 and 40.0 t ha-1, respectively. However, the different biomass production is mainly affected by stand densities, 6170 trees per ha and 4080 trees per ha, respectively. During ageing, the differences between the alder stands diminish. At the age of 14, mean height and diameter at breast height were practically equal. Also the mean stem mass in the older, 13-year old stand, is almost equal: 10.3 kg in grey alder stand and 9.8 kg in hybrid alder stand. At a younger age, the mean stem mass was higher in grey alder stand, but later, at the age of 13, the mean stem mass has become almost the same (10.3 kg in grey alder stand and 9.8 kg in hybrid alder stand). The rotation period for hybrid alder is longer than for grey alder and bulk maturity will occur later. Silver birch is also a highly productive tree species and has a prospect for short-rotation forestry. The mean stem mass and annual current increment of 8-year-old silver birch stand was in same the magnitude as in the grey alder stand. Although the average stand diameter and height were lower in the silver birch stand than in the grey alder stand, it is compensated by the higher wood density of birch wood. The number of trees has affected silver birch stand production, the above-ground biomass in the very high density birch stand (35 600 trees per ha) was significantly lower than in the sparse stand (11 600 trees per ha), 22.8 t ha-1 and 31.2 t ha-1, respectively.

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