Distribution of fungal foliage and shoot pathogens in a natural Scots pine population in relation to environmental variables

The development of fungal diseases within plant populations is simultaneously affected by spatially varying factors, which include environmental variables as well as characteristics of the host population itself. We studied the effects of such variation by investigating the relationships between several environmental factors and the occurrence and abundance of pathogenic fungi (Phacidium infestans L., Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet, and Lophodermella sulcigena (Rostr.) Höhn) in a naturally regenerated, postfire population of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings. The fieldwork was carried out in the pristine forest of Kostamuksha Strict Nature Reserve in the Karelian Republic, Russia. The microhabitat as well as the density and height of the saplings were factors that were related to the extent of damage caused by fungal diseases. However, the factors were correlated to the amounts of single pathogen species in different ways. Most obviously, microhabitat was related to the amount of G. abietina, while the amount of P. infestans was positively correlated with the increasing density of the stand. Lophodermella sulcigena was most abundant on tall saplings. Gremmeniella abietina occurred together with the other two fungi less frequently than would be expected from random occurrence, suggesting different ecological requirements or competitive exclusion. Fungal diseases caused considerable mortality and damage in the Scots pine population in question. We suggest that pathogenic fungi affecting shoots and foliage may affect the spatial distribution and regeneration dynamics of natural Scots pine populations.

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Effects of botanical antifeedants on Melolontha melolontha grub feeding on Scots pine roots

Folia Forestalia Polonica ◽

10.2478/ffp-2014-0014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iwona Skrzecz ◽

Alicja Sowińska ◽

Wojciech Janiszewski

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Pure Water ◽

Alnus Glutinosa ◽

Open Area ◽

Antifeedant Activity ◽

Tree Roots ◽

Black Alder ◽

Melolontha Melolontha ◽

Extent Of Damage

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using botanic antifeedants to reduce the damage caused by Melolontha spp. grubs. To achieve the objective, the experiments were established in semi-field conditions to estimate the antifeedant activity of rutin, quercetin (flavonoids from buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum) and an extract from black alder Alnus glutinosa leaves against Melolontha melolontha grubs. The grubs were placed individually in the pots with a soil in which 2 year old Pinus sylvestris trees were planted. The pots were put in garden pavilions placed in the open area. Then the soil in the pots were watered with the emulsions of rutin, quercetin, an extract from A. glutinosa leaves, and with pure water-comparative variant. After 4 months, the weight and mortality of grubs were compared, as well as the weight of tree roots in all pots. There was no effect of the antifeedants on the development and extent of damage caused by M. melolontha grubs. The results do not indicate the use of botanic antifeedants in the protection of forests against the cockchafer grubs

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Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet: Distribution in Serbia and Montenegro, significance and control

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf0898107k ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 107-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dragan Karadzic ◽

Slobodan Milanovic

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Infection Process ◽

Serbia And Montenegro ◽

Copper Fungicides ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Conifer Plantations ◽

And Control

Fungus G. abietina is one of the most dangerous pathogenic fungi occurring in conifer plantations and Pinus species are especially at risk. Among pines, the most susceptible species is Austrian pine, and particularly endangered plantations are between 8 and 25 years of age. This fungus was found in Serbia and Montenegro on Austrian pine, Scots pine and spruce, but it was only in mountainous regions (Kopaonik, Vlasina, Goc, Durmitor). G. abietina forms both stages (anamorph and teleomorph) in its development. The imperfect form is far more significant for the infection process, i.e. the pycnidial stage and generally all infections are caused by conidia (pycnospores). Apothecia will be formed on the bark only two years after tree dying. In the severely infected plantations, all dead trees should be felled and removed, and the remaining trees should be treated with copper fungicides.

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The rare species Synura lapponica (Synurophyceae) new to the Czech Republic, local vs. global diversity in colonial synurophytes

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-009-0181-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yvonne Němcová ◽

Martina Pichrtová

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Rare Species ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Considerable Increase ◽

Sampling Effort ◽

Seasonal Fluctuations ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Bipolar Distribution ◽

First Time

AbstractSynura lapponica Skuja, a freshwater colonial flagellate (Synurophyceae, Stramenopila), has been reported for the first time in the Czech Republic. This study evaluates the ecological requirements of the species, and includes a survey of the literature. Although S. lapponica has been reported thus far only in the Northern Hemisphere, the probability of its bipolar distribution is relatively high (22%). Distribution is probably ecologically determined, water temperature (correlated with latitude or seasonal fluctuations), and lower pH seem to be the primary environmental variables. A local vs. global ratio reflects, to a certain extent, the degree of sampling effort expended in the studied area, but a considerable increase in the number of revealed taxa was apparent when the area was expanded.

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Niches and Distributions in Practice: Overview

Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49) ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0004 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

A. Townsend Peterson ◽

Jorge Soberón ◽

Richard G. Pearson ◽

Robert P. Anderson ◽

Enrique Martínez-Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Variables ◽

Ecological Niche ◽

Ecological Niche Modeling ◽

Species Distribution Modeling ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Environmental Predictors ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Process Error ◽

Error Check ◽

Niche Models

This chapter considers the practice of modeling ecological niches and estimating geographic distributions. It first introduces the general principles and definitions underlying ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling, focusing on model calibration and evaluation, before discussing the principal steps to be followed in building niche models. The first task in building a niche model is to collate, process, error-check, and format the data that are necessary as input. Two types of data are required: primary occurrence data documenting known presences (and sometimes absences) of the species, and environmental predictors in the form of raster-format GIS layers summarizing scenopoetic variables that may (or may not) be involved in delineating the ecological requirements of the species. The next step is to use a modeling algorithm to characterize the species’ ecological niche as a function of the environmental variables, followed by model projection and evaluation and finally, model transferability.

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Ecological Ordination and Distribution of Hygrophilous Species Growing on a Mediterranean Riverbank (SW Spain)

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4027900 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francisco GOMEZ MERCADO ◽

Esther GIMENEZ LUQUE ◽

Enrique LOPEZ CARRIQUE ◽

Sergio DE HARO LOZANO ◽

Fernando DEL MORAL TORRES

Keyword(s):

Salt Marshes ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Mediterranean Rivers ◽

Data Set ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Riparian Plant Communities ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

The Impact ◽

Riparian Plant

The Guadiamar riverbanks are home to riparian plant communities, such as alder, poplar and ash forests, tamujares, salt marshes,reed beds, etc. characteristic of Mediterranean rivers. A data set of these communities, including floristic relevÃ©s and environmentalvariables (physical and chemical soil properties, bioclimate) was analysed to correlate their floristic composition/species distributionwith environmental variables. By means of an RDA (redundancy analysis) and a complementary cluster analysis four groups of specieswere discriminated according to their ecological requirements. The RDA displayed three major, parallel-running gradients (i.e., textural,bioclimatic and chemical) in environmental variables. Other less conspicuous, crossed gradients revealed the impact of man-madealterations, particularly in the middle reaches of the river. The results can be helpful in the planning of future ecologically orientedrestoration programmes of wetlands.

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Diversity and Distribution of Sabellida (Annelida) under Protection Regimes

Water ◽

10.3390/w13111491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1491

Author(s):

Luigi Musco ◽

Margherita Licciano ◽

Adriana Giangrande

Keyword(s):

Protected Area ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Predator Prey ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Filter Feeders ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Habitat Formers

Sabellida are widespread, diverse and abundant in marine benthic habitats. Their distribution patterns on hard-bottom substrates are poorly studied so far. Little is known about the factors influencing their distribution, including the protection regimes that are known to affect assemblage diversity. We analyzed hard-bottom Sabellida at 1.5 and 5 m depths at the Torre Guaceto Marine Protected Area (MPA) (SE Italy) to describe diversity and distribution patterns, and to identify potential factors influencing their distribution. The Sabellida diversity varied significantly among stations and was higher at 5 m depth. No relation with the protection regime was found. Among environmental variables, only sedimentation appeared related, suggesting that local trophic features might have influenced the observed pattern. Among habitat formers, only the macroalga Halimeda tuna significantly explained part of the observed variation, probably due to its role as a basibiont for some Sabellida taxa. Other predictor variables of Sabellida distribution were the abundances of some invertebrate taxa, especially Syllidae and some filter feeders such as Sabellariida and Cirripedia, probably due to shared ecological requirements, rather than a direct effect on Sabellida distribution. The relation with the Syllidae remains obscure so far, albeit some kind of interaction (including predator/prey interactions) between these two taxa cannot be excluded. Sabellida should be taken into account when analyzing patterns of biodiversity of hard-bottom environments.

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Uneven-aged silviculture of Scots pine in Bohemia and Central Spain: comparison study of stand reaction to transition and long-term selection management

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/147/2019-jfs ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 22-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Josef Gallo ◽

Lukáš Bílek ◽

Václav Šimůnek ◽

Sonia Roig ◽

José Alfredo Bravo Fernández

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Basal Area ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Central Spain ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Intensively Managed

The achievement of sustainable forest management requires the incorporation of ongoing environmental changes into long-term planning. Moreover, in time of climatic change and changing company demands, importance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is still increasing at the expense of other tree species due to its low ecological requirements. The aim of the study was to compare the structure and production of Scots pine stands managed under different silvicultural systems on four research plots, assess the structural and diversity indices, and analyse the increment structure using tree-ring dating in the Czech Republic and Spain. Area of study was Western Bohemian and Guadarrama Mountain range in Central Spain. The results indicate that stand volume on the investigated plots ranged from 231 to 441 m3∙ha–1 with tree density 276–996 trees∙ha–1. Intensively managed (uneven-aged) permanent research plots showed increased growth on basal area. The difference was evident also for older trees. The transition to uneven-aged forest does not negatively influence stocking and wood production and provide higher benefits for diversity and structural complexity in comparison to regular stands.

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ASSOCIATION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FOR THE SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WITH THE EUROPEAN PINE WEEVIL HYLOBIUS ABIETIS (L.) (COL. CURCULIONIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent126929-4 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 929-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. Lévieux ◽

D. Piou ◽

P. Cassier ◽

M. André ◽

D. Guillaumin

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Infection Process ◽

Contamination Rate ◽

Hylobius Abietis ◽

Pine Weevil ◽

Leptographium Procerum ◽

Ophiostoma Piliferum ◽

Scanning Electron

AbstractIn 1989 and 1990, the contamination rate of the European pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) by several pathogenic fungi for the Scots pine was measured [Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingf. — 45% of the specimens; Pachnodium canum (Upadh. and Kendr.) — 14%; or Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. and P. Syd — 3% (Piou 1993)]. To understand the processes of transportation, a detailed study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Several types of spores vectored are found mainly in the thoracic cuticular rounded wells located near the sensorial setae. These wells are connected with an epidermal glandular apparatus whose ultrastructural description is given. We question the origin and composition of these secretions which are believed to protect the spores and contribute to the infection process.

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Immunity to Invasive Fungal Diseases

Annual Review of Immunology ◽

10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-034306 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arturo Casadevall

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Granulomatous Inflammation ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Invasive Fungal Diseases

Invasive fungal diseases are rare in individuals with intact immunity. This, together with the fact that there are only a few species that account for most mycotic diseases, implies a remarkable natural resistance to pathogenic fungi. Mammalian immunity to fungi rests on two pillars, powerful immune mechanisms and elevated temperatures that create a thermal restriction zone for most fungal species. Conditions associated with increased susceptibility generally reflect major disturbances of immune function involving both the cellular and humoral innate and adaptive arms, which implies considerable redundancy in host defense mechanisms against fungi. In general, tissue fungal invasion is controlled through either neutrophil or granulomatous inflammation, depending on the fungal species. Neutrophils are critical against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. while macrophages are essential for controlling mycoses due to Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma spp., and other fungi. The increasing number of immunocompromised patients together with climate change could significantly increase the prevalence of fungal diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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