The fuelbed: a key element of the Fuel Characteristic Classification SystemThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System.

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2394-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Riccardi ◽  
Roger D. Ottmar ◽  
David V. Sandberg ◽  
Anne Andreu ◽  
Ella Elman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Science Management ◽  
Fuel Characteristic

Wildland fuelbed characteristics are temporally and spatially complex and can vary widely across regions. To capture this variability, we designed the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS), a national system to create fuelbeds and classify those fuelbeds for their capacity to support fire and consume fuels. This paper describes the structure of the fuelbeds internal to FCCS. Fuelbeds are considered relatively homogeneous units on the landscape, representing distinct combustion environments that determine potential fire behaviour and effects. The FCCS fuelbeds are organized into six strata: canopy, shrubs, nonwoody fuels, woody fuels, litter–lichen–moss, and ground fuels. Fuelbeds are described by several qualitative and quantitative physical and biological variables with emphasis on characteristics useful for fuels management and fire behaviour planning. The FCCS includes 216 fuelbeds that represent the major vegetation types of the United States. The FCCS fuelbeds can be used as presented or modified to create customized fuelbeds with general or site-specific data to address fire science management or research questions. This system allows resource managers to evaluate wildland fuels operations and management activities, fire hazard, and ecological and air quality impacts at small and large spatial scales. The FCCS fuelbeds represent the United States, although the system has the potential for building fuelbeds for international application.

An overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System — Quantifying, classifying, and creating fuelbeds for resource planningThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System.

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2383-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Ottmar ◽  
David V. Sandberg ◽  
Cynthia L. Riccardi ◽  
Susan J. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Fuel Characteristic

We present an overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS), a tool that enables land managers, regulators, and scientists to create and catalogue fuelbeds and to classify those fuelbeds for their capacity to support fire and consume fuels. The fuelbed characteristics and fire classification from this tool will provide inputs for current and future sophisticated models for the quantification of fire behavior, fire effects, and carbon accounting and enable assessment of fuel treatment effectiveness. The system was designed from requirements provided by land managers, scientists, and policy makers gathered through six regional workshops. The FCCS contains a set of fuelbeds representing the United States, which were compiled from scientific literature, fuels photo series, fuels data sets, and expert opinion. The system enables modification and enhancement of these fuelbeds to represent a particular scale of interest. The FCCS then reports assigned and calculated fuel characteristics for each existing fuelbed stratum including the canopy, shrubs, nonwoody, woody, litter–lichen–moss, and duff. Finally, the system classifies each fuelbed by calculating fire potentials that provide an index of the intrinsic capacity of each fuelbed to support surface fire behavior, support crown fire, and provide fuels for flaming, smoldering, and residual consumption. The FCCS outputs are being used in a national wildland fire emissions inventory and in the development of fuelbed, fire hazard, and treatment effectiveness maps on several national forests. Although the FCCS was built for the United States, the conceptual framework is applicable worldwide.

Development and mapping of fuel characteristics and associated fire potentials for South America

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lucrecia Pettinari ◽  
Roger D. Ottmar ◽  
Susan J. Prichard ◽  
Anne G. Andreu ◽  
Emilio Chuvieco
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Fuel Characteristic

The characteristics and spatial distribution of fuels are critical for assessing fire hazard, fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other fire effects. However, fuel maps are difficult to generate and update, because many regions of the world lack fuel descriptions or adequate mapped vegetation attributes to assign these fuelbeds spatially across the landscape. This paper presents a process to generate fuel maps for large areas using remotely sensed information and ancillary fuel characteristic data. The Fuel Characteristic Classification System was used to build fuelbeds for South America and predict potential fire hazard using a set of default environmental variables. A land-cover map was combined with a biome map to define 98 fuelbeds, and their parameters were assigned based on information from global datasets and existing Fuel Characteristic Classification System fuelbeds or photo series. The indices of potential surface fire behaviour ranged from 1.32 to 9, whereas indices of potential crown fire and available fuel for combustion had low to medium values (0–6). This paper presents a geospatial fuels map for South America. This map could be used to assess fire hazard, predict fire behaviour under defined environmental conditions or calculate fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It could also be easily updated as new remotely sensed information on vegetation becomes available.

International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Ella Inglebret ◽  
Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽  
Shana Bailey ◽  
Carla Jones ◽  
Ashley France
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

A Postlandfall Hurricane Classification System for the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 1025-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Carl Senkbeil ◽  
Scott Christopher Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Fine-Scale Population Genetic Structure and Within-Tree Distribution of Mating Types of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1326-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive H. Bock ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
Katherine L. Stevenson ◽  
Nikki D. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Scale Population

Scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is the major disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. There is no information available on the fine-scale population genetic diversity or the occurrence of clonal types at small spatial scales that provides insight into inoculum sources and dispersal mechanisms, and potential opportunity for sexual reproduction. To investigate fine-scale genetic diversity, four trees of cultivar Wichita (populations) were sampled hierarchically: within each tree canopy, four approximately evenly spaced terminals (subpopulations) were selected and up to six leaflets (sub-subpopulations) were sampled from different compound leaves on each terminal. All lesions (n = 1 to 8) on each leaflet were sampled. The isolates were screened against a panel of 29 informative microsatellite markers and the resulting multilocus genotypes (MLG) subject to analysis. Mating type was also determined for each isolate. Of 335 isolates, there were 165 MLG (clonal fraction 49.3%). Nei’s unbiased measure of genetic diversity for the clone-corrected data were moderate to high (0.507). An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated differentiation (P = 0.001) between populations on leaflets within individual terminals and between terminals within trees in the tree canopies, with 93.8% of variance explained among isolates within leaflet populations. Other analyses (minimum-spanning network, Bayesian, and discriminant analysis of principal components) all indicated little affinity of isolate for source population. Of the 335 isolates, most unique MLG were found at the stratum of the individual leaflets (n = 242), with similar total numbers of unique MLG observed at the strata of the terminal (n = 170), tree (n = 166), and orchard (n = 165). Thus, the vast majority of shared clones existed on individual leaflets on a terminal at the scale of 10s of centimeters or less, indicating a notable component of short-distance dispersal. There was significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.001), and an analysis of Psex showed that where there were multiple encounters of an MLG, they were most probably the result of asexual reproduction (P < 0.05) but there was no evidence that asexual reproduction was involved in single or first encounters of an MLG (P > 0.05). Overall, the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 idiomorphs were at equilibrium (73:92) and in most populations, subpopulations, and sub-subpopulations. Both mating types were frequently observed on the same leaflet. The results provide novel information on the characteristics of populations of V. effusa at fine spatial scales, and provide insights into the dispersal of the organism within and between trees. The proximity of both mating idiomorphs on single leaflets is further evidence of opportunity for development of the sexual stage in the field.

DNA-based quantification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in environmental soils to describe spatial variation in inoculum density

Plant Disease ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Davis ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Thomas Chappell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Sudden Appearance ◽  
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Race 4

Fusarium wilt of cotton, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV), occurs in regions of the United States where cotton (Gossypium spp.) is grown. Race 4 of this pathogen (FOV4) is especially aggressive and does not require the co-occurrence of the root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) to infect cotton. Its sudden appearance in far-west Texas in 2016 after many years of being restricted to California is of great concern, as is the threat of its continued spread through the cotton-producing regions of the United States. The aim of this research was to analyze the spatial variability of FOV4 inoculum density in the location where FOV4 is locally emerging, using quantitative and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (qPCR and ddPCR) methods. Soil samples collected from a field with known FOV4 incidence in Fabens, Texas were analyzed. Appreciable variation in inoculum density was found to occur at spatial scales smaller than the size of plots involved in cultivar trial research, and was spatially autocorrelated (Moran’s I, Z = 17.73, p < 0.0001). These findings indicate that for cultivar trials, accounting for the spatial distribution of inoculum either by directly quantifying it or through the use of densely-distributed “calibration checks” is important to the interpretation of results.

Thinking through Scale: The Role of State Governance in Globalizing North Pacific Fisheries

10.1068/a3469 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1807-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Full Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Partnerships ◽  
The North ◽  
Static View

Debates about the relationship between globalization and state power have often relied on a static view of spatial scales as discrete stages for social interaction. Focusing instead on the ‘production of scale’, several researchers have argued that globalization leads to rescaling of the state, as regulatory powers are realigned both upwards to supranational regimes and downwards to regional, local, and urban governance structures. Although this perspective quite usefully treats scale as relational, this ‘glocalization’ argument remains somewhat schematic and does not allow for a full range of possible scalar configurations. Highlighting instead heterogeneity of scalar relations, in this paper I analyze the ways that United States' fishery development in the North Pacific produced both national power and transnational economic activity. After extending political jurisdiction over waters up to 200 nautical miles from shore, the United States implemented fishery development policies that emphasized the ‘Americanization’ of the Alaska pollock fishery at the expense of an international, particularly Japanese, fishery. The outcomes of these policies, however, have been international partnerships, foreign direct investment, and increased international trade, all of which have made the pollock industry simultaneously national and transnational. Efforts to assert and implement control over ocean territory produced both the national state and globalization, which were mutually reinforcing rather than antagonistic. Treating national states and the global economy as complex, contingent scalar configurations facilitates analysis of the causes of variability in state – economy relations.

On the essentials of drought in a changing climate

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6488) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Ault
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
The World

Droughts of the future are likely to be more frequent, severe, and longer lasting than they have been in recent decades, but drought risks will be lower if greenhouse gas emissions are cut aggressively. This review presents a synopsis of the tools required for understanding the statistics, physics, and dynamics of drought and its causes in a historical context. Although these tools have been applied most extensively in the United States, Europe, and the Amazon region, they have not been as widely used in other drought-prone regions throughout the rest of the world, presenting opportunities for future research. Water resource managers, early career scientists, and veteran drought researchers will likely see opportunities to improve our understanding of drought.

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