Better derivations and an improvement for the specific increment equations of tree growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Standard Approximation

Improved derivations are provided for the specific increments of internodal growth. These derivations strengthen the theoretical basis of the concept of specific growth. Despite being based on a more rigorous approach, however, these derivations produce a specific wood volume increment equation that is identical with the standard version. In contrast, a new equation emerges for the specific (annual) increment of cambial area: SAI = ln(rn/rn−1), where ln denotes the natural logarithm and rn and rn−1 are the cambial radii corresponding to the annual rings produced in years n and n − 1, respectively. The standard approximation underestimates the specific area increment, especially on young, fast-growing internodes, but even then the error involved may be small. Any standard approximation to SAI can be corrected by multiplication with the provided correction factor (which requires values for rn and rn−1 only).

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: II. SPECIFIC INCREMENTS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE QUANTITY AND ACTIVITY OF GROWTH IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Mean

Two measures are needed to describe numerically the activity of the internodal cambium in terms of annual increment. These are "specific wood volume increment", a measure of additive growth and "specific increment of cambial area", a measure of multiplicative growth. The mean area of the internodal cambium is the basis of reference for both since it is the measure of that which is active in growth. The former measure of specific growth is numerically equal to ring width and the manner of its factorial control has already been considered. Data for the latter are new.The geometry of the apical meristem and its products is too complex for the ready computation of specific terminal growth, but it can be shown empirically that internode length is a valid measure of apical activity. Analysis of internodal wood volume growth into its three linear components leads to the conclusion that the determinants in control of wood growth act mainly through their effect upon apical activity and upon specific increment of cambial area.

STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF GROWTH RATE TO WOOD QUALITY IN POPULUS HYBRIDS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Soda Pulp ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Slow Growing

Experiments were conducted on the relation of growth rate to wood quality in a series of 43 hybrid and parental trees, which involved Populus alba, P. grandidentata, and P. tremuloides.Fibres in fast growth annual rings were longer on the average than those in slow growth rings from the same tree. In single annual rings, fibres of early wood were shorter and thicker than those of late wood.Average fibre diameter of individual trees was significantly correlated in a positive manner with growth rate, but the correlation between fibre length and growth rate was well below the level of significance.Short, thick habit of growth was significantly correlated with high density of wood, but correlations between growth rate (in terms of annual increment in volume) and wood density were insignificant.Experimental pulp and paper tests did not reveal any very striking differences in quality between fast growing hybrid and slow growing parental trees, although there remains some doubt as to the suitability of abnormally fast growth hybrid wood for some of the higher grades of soda pulp paper.The general, and tentative, conclusion is that the investigation revealed nothing to indicate that rapid growth is seriously detrimental to wood quality.

scholarly journals Repeatability of growth characteristics and wood properties for solid wood production from Eucalyptus camaldulensis half-sib families growing in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Nezu ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Sapit Diloksumpun ◽  
Jyunichi Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Sib Families

AbstractTo promote solid wood production, the diameter at breast height, height, stress-wave velocity, surface-released strain, basic density and compressive strength parallel to the grain were measured for 10 half-sib families of 12-year-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. trees growing in Thailand. Based on the results, growth rates, correlations among measured properties, radial and among-family variations of wood properties, and their repeatability were evaluated. Diameter at breast height, height, and wood volume were exponentially increased at initial stage, and then gradually increased toward to 12 years after planting. The maximum current annual increment and mean annual increment in wood volume showed at age of 8 and 11years old, suggesting that rotation period for optimum productivity may be ranged from 8 to 11 years old. Wood with stable properties was found greater than 6 cm from the pith. These results indicate that 12-year-old E. camaldulensis trees had already reached the maturation stage. No significant correlations were found between growth characteristics and wood properties. Significant variances in the height, stress-wave velocity, and basic density were found among the 10 families. The F-values and repeatability of the wood properties in the outer wood were higher than those in the inner wood. These results indicate that the properties of the outer wood are closely related to genetic factors. Thus, to obtain superior E. camaldulensis trees for solid wood production, the family selection should be conducted using the outer wood of aged trees.

Bioenergy yield of Eucalyptus urophylla clones and its relationship with the mean annual increment of wood volume

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Isabele Pinheiro da Silva ◽  
Alyne Chaveiro Santos ◽  
Macksuel Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Mariana Dianese Alves de Moraes ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sette Jr
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

This study aimed to evaluate the energy yield and wood characteristics of Eucalyptus urophylla clones with different mean annual increment of wood volume (MAI). The clones presented MAIs of 39.2, 54.1 and 70.0 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in the field experiment at six years after planting when the trees were cut down to evaluate the wood basic density and higher heating values. The energy density, dry mass and energy yield were estimated. The MAI of E. urophylla clones influenced the wood basic density, dry mass, and energy yield, but did not influence the higher heating value and energy density. Clone 3 had the highest MAI, and also had higher energy yield and dry mass, but lower wood basic density. The difference between the most and the least productive clones was 242,648 MJ ha-1 yr-1. The results reinforce the importance of evaluating the wood quantity production (MAI) to select Eucalyptus clones for energy purposes.

scholarly journals GLYPHOSATE DRIFT IN EUCALYPTUS PLANTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SANTOS JUNIOR ◽  
L. D. TUFFI SANTOS ◽  
F. A. FERREIRA ◽  
L. R. FERREIRA ◽  
R. C. FELIX ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Glyphosate Drift

ABSTRACTWith the present study we aim to assess the damage caused to Eucalyptus plants exposed to glyphosate drift in different canopy portions. The drift simulation was carried out through application of 1,080 g ha-1 of glyphosate in five canopy portions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the low branches), in four areas of cultivation. Areas I and II, plants with 0.91 and 2.98 m, and height of canopy drift exposition of 0.30 and 1.0 m, respectively. In areas III and IV both cultivations were 8.15 m high, varying the height of drift exposition between 2.0 and 2.5 m, respectively. At 30 and 480 days after application (DAA), the survival rate was assessed, and at 300 and 480 DAA diameter at breast height (DBH), height, volume and their respective increment were determined. The medium annual increment (MAI) was determined at 480 DAA. Area I, in which the plants were 0.91 m high, we observed that treatment with 100% of the low branches exposed to drift led to stand reduction of the plants around 18.75 and 38.19% at 30 and 480 DAA, respectively. Areas I and II showed reduction in plant growth in height and DBH, wood volume and MAI, to the extent that there was an increase in the portion of canopy exposed to glyphosate drift. However, in areas III and IV, in which 8.15 m height plants were found, no changes were verified for the evaluated characteristics, regardless of the portion of canopy exposed to glyphosate drift.

scholarly journals Tree Growth on Forested Wetlands of Southeastern Alaska Following Clearcutting

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent R. Julin ◽  
David V. D'Amore
Keyword(s):  
Regional Growth ◽  
Forested Wetlands ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Abstract Growth of forested wetlands was investigated in this southeast Alaskan study. Eighteen young, even-aged stands dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) rooted in wet, organic soils (Histosols) were sampled. The soils were Cryohemists and Cryosaprists ranging in depth from 38 cm to more than 2 m. The stands were naturally regenerated, densely stocked, and had wood-volume production ranging from 12 to 78 m3/ha for 15- and 46-yr-old stands, respectively. These production rates are consistent with those estimated using a regional growth and yield model and applied in Tongass National Forest planning. If observed rates of growth are sustained, these stands would produce wood volume at a level nearly double the USDA Forest Service minimum standard for commercial timberland at culmination of mean annual increment. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):30–34.

scholarly journals Algumas reflexões sobre a importância das expressões idiomáticas em inglês: um estudo introdutório

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Manuel Cruse ◽  
Cláudia Silva Estima ◽  
Alahna Santos da Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
Recursos Humanos

Resumo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar, analisar e refletir criticamente sobre as expressões idiomáticas em inglês, utilizando uma metodologia de base essencialmente teórica, isto é, uma revisão de literatura.  Pretendemos, assim, estimular nos alunos e nos professores variadas ações que conduzam ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa e da inovação, contribuindo, dessa forma, para a formação e qualificação de recursos humanos que venham a atuar nesta importante área específica de atuação - a pesquisa. Entendemos que este estudo teórico possa despertar o desejo do aprofundamento de questões ligadas ao aprendizado e emprego da língua inglesa dentro dos contextos que ocorrem, especialmente, nos Institutos Federais e em seus cursos onde o idioma é lecionado. Com isso, estaremos promovendo e favorecendo, concomitantemente, o tripé ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Palavras-chave: expressões idiomáticas; pesquisa; inovação. SOME REFLEXIONS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH: AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY Abstract: The main objective of the present work was to identify, analyze and critically reflect on idioms in English language, using a methodology of theoretical basis, that is, literature revision. By doing so, we intend to stimulate students and teachers with several actions geared towards innovation and research development and so contributing for the formation and qualification of human resources who must feel capable of acting in this very important and specific area – research. We understand that this theoretical work may awake a deepen desire concerning issues related to the learning and use of English language and within the contexts in which they occur, particularly in the Federal Institutes and in their courses where the language is taught. By doing this, we will be promoting and facilitating at the same time the tripod teaching, research and extension. Keywords: Idioms. Research. Innovation.

Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
V. I. Makarov ◽  
A. G. Tlatov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Field Reversal ◽  
Polar Magnetic Field ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

Video-Enhanced Microscopy--Better Visibility of Plant Cell Structures

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 182-185
Author(s):  
N.S. Allen ◽  
R.D. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Numerical Aperture ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Camera Control ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
Contrast Method ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Cell Structures

Various methods of video-enhanced microscopy combine TV cameras with light microscopes creating images with improved resolution, contrast and visibility of fine detail, which can be recorded rapidly and relatively inexpensively. The AVEC (Allen Video-enhanced Contrast) method avoids polarizing rectifiers, since the microscope is operated at retardations of λ/9- λ/4, where no anomaly is seen in the Airy diffraction pattern. The iris diaphram is opened fully to match the numerical aperture of the condenser to that of the objective. Under these conditions, no image can be realized either by eye or photographically. Yet the image becomes visible using the Hamamatsu C-1000-01 binary camera, if the camera control unit is equipped with variable gain control and an offset knob (which sets a clamp voltage of a D.C. restoration circuit). The theoretical basis for these improvements has been described.

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