The effects of simulated acid precipitation in the surface horizons of two eastern Canadian forest Podzol soils

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1138-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thacker ◽  
G. K. Rutherford ◽  
G.W. Vanloon
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Organic Horizons

Undisturbed 18-cm soil cores of the L, F, H, Ae, and upper Bhf horizons of Ferro-Humic Podzols from the Turkey Lake Watershed (Ontario) and Montmorency Forest (Quebec) were treated in the laboratory with 10 m of simulated acid precipitation at pH 5.7, 3.5, and 2.0 over approximately 1 year. Leachate samples were collected from the bottom of the humus layer and the bottom of the soil core and the soils were analyzed at the completion of leaching. The soils from the two sites behaved similarly. Anion concentrations in the leachates adjusted to input levels after approximately 2 m of simulated rainfall. Leaching generally produced an initial flush of cations followed by lower concentrations. The pH 2.0 treatment caused major changes in some soil properties; the pH 3.5 and 5.7 treatment had a more modest effect. Base saturation was markedly reduced following the pH 2.0 treatment, slightly reduced following the pH 3.5 treatment, and slightly increased following the distilled water treatment. Cation exchange capacity was reduced only in the organic horizons receiving pH 2.0 treatment. Organic C, total N, and C/N ratios showed no changes on acidification. Leaching of Fe and Al was only substantial with the pH 2.0 treatment and much more Al than Fe was mobilized. Bicarbonate – extractable P in the mineral soil was doubled by the pH 2.0 treatment compared with the other treatments. X-ray diffraction of clays indicated a loss of hydroxyaluminum interlayers with increasing acidity, which is a stage in the acidic transformation of micaceous to smectite-like materials in Podzolic soils.

Douglas-fir soil C and N properties a decade after termination of urea fertilization

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2225-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S Homann ◽  
Bruce A Caldwell ◽  
H N Chappell ◽  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Chris W Swanston
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Chemical and microbial soil properties were assessed in paired unfertilized and urea fertilized (>89 g N·m–2) plots in 13 second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands distributed throughout western Washington and Oregon. A decade following the termination of fertilization, fertilized plots averaged 28% higher total N in the O layer than unfertilized plots, 24% higher total N in surface (0–5 cm) mineral soil, and up to four times the amount of extractable ammonium and nitrate. Decreased pH (0.2 pH units) caused by fertilization may have been due to nitrification or enhanced cation uptake. In some soil layers, fertilization decreased cellulase activity and soil respiration but increased wood decomposition. There was no effect of fertilization on concentrations of light and heavy fractions, labile carbohydrates, and phosphatase and xylanase activities. No increase in soil organic C was detected, although variability precluded observing an increase of less than ~15%. Lack of a regionwide fertilization influence on soil organic C contrasts with several site-specific forest and agricultural studies that have shown C increases resulting from fertilization. Overall, the results indicate a substantial residual influence on soil N a decade after urea fertilization but much more limited influence on soil C processes and pools.

Co-composting of distillery and winery wastes with sewage sludge

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bustamante ◽  
C. Paredes ◽  
R. Moral ◽  
J. Moreno-Caselles ◽  
M.D. Pérez-Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Total Organic C

The winery and distillery wastes (grape stalk and marc (GS and GM, respectively), wine lees (WL) and exhausted grape marc (EGM)) are produced in great amounts in the Mediterranean countries, where their treatment and disposal are becoming an important environmental problem, mainly due to their seasonal character and some characteristics that make their management difficult and which are not optimised yet. Composting is a treatment widely used for organic wastes, which could be a feasible option to treat and recycle the winery and distillery wastes. In this experiment, two different piles (pile 1 and 2) were prepared with mixtures of GS, GM, EG and sewage sludge (SS) and composted in a pilot plant by the Rutgers static pile composting system. Initially, GS, GM and EGM were mixed, the pile 1 being watered with fresh collected vinasse (V). After 17 days, SS was added to both piles as a nitrogen and microorganisms source. During composting, the evolution of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, humic acid-like C and fulvic acid-like C contents, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity and germination index of the mixtures were studied. The addition of V in pile 1 produced higher values of temperature, a greater degradation of the total organic C, higher electrical conductivity values and similar pH values and total N contents than in pile 2. The addition of this effluent also increased the cation exchange capacity and produced a longer persistence of phytotoxicity. However, both piles showed a stabilised organic matter and a reduction of the phytotoxicity at the end of the composting process.

The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fajri ◽  
Pratiwi PRATIWI ◽  
Yosep Ruslim
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Fajri M, Pratiwi, Ruslim Y. 2020. The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3454-3462.  Shorea macrophylla is a tree species in Tane' Olen forest area. This study analyzed the soil’s physical and chemical properties, topography, and microclimate of S. macrophylla’s habitat. A purposive method was used to select a sampling plot and to place the subplots. Soil was analyzed to determine the physical properties, i.e., texture, bulk density, porosity, and water content, and the chemical properties, i.e., pH, CEC, total N, organic C, C/N ratio, P, K , and Al saturation. Importance value index was determined for each tree species to know the species composition in the study site. Only the dominant species were presented. The soil at the study site had bulk density of 0.60-1.31 gram cm³-1, porosity 50.60%-77.35%, water content 34.88%-95.37%, and soil texture sandy clay. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH was 3.6-4.8, N 0.05%-0.19%, organic C 1.40%-3.65%, P 0.41-1.22 mg 100 gr-1, K 58.68-232.55 mg 100 gr-1, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 5.35-10.81 meg 100gr -1. Slope ranged between 0 and 25%. The microclimate characteristics were as follows: temperature was 24-26.5°C, relative humidity 76-87%, and light intensity 145-750 Lm. Trees species with an IVI ≥ 10% were S. macrophylla, Madhuca spectabilis, Myristica villosa Warb, Scorodocarpus borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp., Macaranga triloba, Syzygium inophyllum and Shorea sp. Positive associations were observed between S. macropylla and S. borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp.. and M. triloba, and negative associations were observed between S. macropylla and M. spectabilis, M. villosa Warb, S. inophyllum, and Shorea sp. S. macrophylla grows on riversides with flat and gentle topography, acidic soil, and lower fertility but with suitable microclimate. This species can be recommended to be planted in degraded tropical forest areas but the microclimate and soil properties should be taken into account.

Effects of soils, fertilizers and stocking rates on pastures and beef production on the Wallum of south-eastern Queensland. 1. Botanical composition and chemical effects on plants and soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Bryan ◽  
TR Evans
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Species Frequencies ◽  
Stocking Rates

A complex pasture mixture was grazed by cattle at three stocking rates (1.23, 1.65 and 2.47 beasts a hectare) at Beerwah, south-eastern Queensland over six years. There were four fertilizer treatments involving two rates of superphosphate and three of KCl. On the basis of species frequencies, the seven major soil types on the area fell into two groups, the podzolic soils in one and the humic gleys in another. The podzolics were favoured by Chloris gayana, Desmodium intortum, D. uncinatum and Lotononis bainesii, whereas Paspalum dilatatum and Trifolium repens were more frequent on the humic gleys. The light stocking rate favoured Paspalum commersonii, Digitaria decumbens and both Desmodium species. At the high stocking rate P. dilatatum, T. repens and L. bainesii were more prominent, as were weeds in general. Application of KCl had no effect on botanical composition but the K content of soils and plants increased with increasing levels of application. As the superphosphate rate was increased, the proportion of all sown species except P. dilatatum and L. bainesii increased and the weed content decreased. Over time, the legume content in all plots decreased, weeds increased and the grass content remained about the same. The effects were more marked at low rates of superphosphate and high stocking rate. There was a lower legume content and a higher weed content in winter than in summer, but soils and treatments had similar effects in both seasons. Compared with virgin soils, those under fertilized pastures for eight years contained more organic C, available P, K and Ca, total N, and Zn and Fe.

Role of position within the windthrow in forest floor chemistry in the flysch zone of the Carpathians

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1646-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šamonil ◽  
Barbora Šebková ◽  
Jan Douda ◽  
Tomáš Vrška
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Mineral Horizon ◽  
Total N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organic Horizons

A hypothesis was verified that forest floor chemistry varies according to position within the windthrow (mound, pit, or control). A parallel assessment was made of differences in the chemistry of horizons and their forms. A total number of 1720 windthrows were studied in the fir–beech primeval forest in the flysch zone of the Western Carpathians. A total of 100 samples were taken on three positions from the following horizons and their forms (in brackets): litter, fermented (amphigenous, zoogenous, or mycogenous), humification (unresolved, zoogenous, residues, or humic), and mineral. A random sampling eliminated the effect of correlation between the horizons and positions. Parameters assessed were Q4/6, HA/FA, C-forms, total N, P, K, and Mg contents, soil reaction, and cation-exchange capacity. The positions exhibited a significant difference in the forest floor chemistry even at a level of horizon forms. The position’s significance decreased with the horizon depth. Organic horizons in the pit, in particular, exhibited the lowest content of total humic substances, fulvic acids, and the lowest colour coefficient values. However, the mineral horizon showed no significant differences between the positions within the windthrow. Compared with other humus types, the decomposing wood mass did not exhibit a different ratio of humic and fulvic acids.

X-ray diffraction characteristics and related properties of Smectites in some Canadian soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Ross ◽  
H. Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Particle Thickness

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities of smectites in Chernozemic and related soils of Western Canada are generally low, in contrast to the high peak intensities of smectites in Podzolic soils of Eastern Canada and those of standard smectite samples. Consequently, X-ray quantitative analysis based on standard smectite samples may underestimate the amount of smectite and overestimate the amount of noncrystalline material in western Canadian soils. This study was undertaken to find the reasons for the weak XRD peak intensities of western soil smectites in terms of their purity and crystallinity. The Tiron dissolution method extracted only small amounts of noncrystalline material from the western soil clays and had little effect on XRD characteristics. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) hysteresis (or pH dependent CEC) between pH 3.5 and 11.0 of the western soil clays was also relatively small which confirmed the absence of significant amounts of noncrystalline material in these soil clays. Observed deviations of XRD positions from true basal spacings indicated that the western soil smectite particles were consistently thinner than the eastern soil smectite and Wyoming montmorillonite particles. Electron microscope observations supported these results. Because the diffraction intensity is proportional to the square of the particle thickness, the thinness of the western soil smectite particles appears to be a major factor in reducing their peak intensities. Thus, to obtain comparable peak intensity data from different soil smectites, particle thickness should be taken into account. Since it is often not practical to measure particle thickness, a procedure for quantifying smectite in soils that avoids this measurement is proposed. Key words: Peak intensity, crystallinity, particle size, particle thickness, Chernozemic smectite, Podzolic smectite

Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol et l'ensemencement naturel dans une pessière noire à mousses de la forêt boréale québécoise

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Total N ◽  
Humus Layer

Two types of scarification (cone and disk) were applied at two intensities (simple and double passes), in a randomized complete block design, established alongside buffer stands of spruce protective of water courses, that provided a natural seed source. Treatment effects on seedbed evolution, natural seeding of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP), competing vegetation, and soil physical and chemical properties were examined over a 3-year period. In situ nitrogen mineralization was also studied, using the buried-bag method. All scarification treatments created a surface horizon (0–10 cm) with 80% less organic matter content than the control treatment. However, treatments tended to loosen the exposed deep layers, creating microsites whose compactness appeared adequate for root development (1.07–1.22 Mg/m3). The organic matter loss mainly decreased exchangeable K and Mg in the surface 20 cm of scarified microsites. Scarification had little impact on total N of sampled profiles and clearcutting did not increase N mineralization with regard to the forest, during the first year after disturbance. The weak soil warming and the stability of temperatures under the unscarified humus suggest that clearcutting did not significantly enhanced microbial activity on the site. However, removal of the insulating humus layer allowed a significant summer soil warming in the furrows. Despite this, scarified microsites were characterized by N immobilization during the first growing season after treatment. However, net N production was positive during the winter period, presumably because of a N-flux phenomenon. Scarification improved black spruce regeneration by natural seeding. Three years after treatment, stocking levels reached 40 to 51% in the scarified sectors while they reached 31% in the controls, this gap being mainly attributed to the second germination year. The difference can be explained by the improved receptivity of bare mineral soil, well-decomposed humus, and mixed mineral–organic seedbeds that covered 12–20% of the scarified areas immediately after treatment. Generally, results indicate that microsites created by a light scarification are as receptive as microsites created by a severe perturbation. Finally, every scarification treatment efficiently controlled the ericaceous shrub cover during the first 3 years after treatment.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST, HUMIC ACID AND PURE FULVATE ON IMPROVEMENT OF ULTISOL SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Resman ◽  
Sahta Ginting ◽  
Muhammad Tufaila ◽  
Fransiscus Suramas Rembon ◽  
Halim
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of compost containing humic and fulvic acids, and pure humic and fulvic acids in increasing of Ultisol soil chemical properties. The research design used a randomized block design (RBD), consisting of 10 treatments, namely K0: 0 g polybag-1, KO1: 500 g polybag-1, KO2: 500 g polybag-1, KO3: 500 g polybag-1, KO4: 500 g polybag-1, KO5: 500 g polybag-1, KO6: 500 g polybag-1, KO7: 500 g of polybags-1, H: 50 g of polybag-1, A: 500 g polybag-1. Each treatment was repeated three times and obtained 30 treatment units. The results showed that pH H2O (K0: 4.49, KO1: 5.64, KO2: 5.47, KO3: 5.43, KO4: 5.51, KO5: 5.39, KO6: 5.48, KO7: 6.17, H: 5.06, F: 5.15), total-N (%) (K0: 0.13, KO1: 0.17, KO2: 0.18, KO3: 0.30, KO4: 0.25, KO5: 0.24, KO6: 0.29, KO7: 0.36, H: 0.16, F: 0.14), organic-C (%) (K0: 1.85, KO1; 2.30, KO2: 2.24, KO3: 2.33, KO4: 2.62, KO5: 2.25, KO6: 2.27, KO7: 2.95, H: 2.32, F: 2.26) , available-P (%) (K0: 2.75, KO1: 3.24, KO2: 3.16, KO3: 3.27, KO4: 3.57, KO5: 3.31, KO6: 3.37, KO7: 3.89, H: 3.10, F: 3.12), exchangeable-Al (me100g-1) (K0: 2.51, KO1: 2.11, KO2: 2.13, KO3: 2.15, KO4: 1.88, KO5: 2.14, KO6: 2.12, KO7: 1.75, H: 2.16, F: 2.17), base saturation (%) (K0: 30.91, KO1: 63.48, KO2: 52.63, KO3: 53.76, KO4: 56.13, KO5: 54.96, KO6: 56.71, KO7: 65.53, H: 39.11, F: 42.76), cation exchange capacity (me100g-1) (K0: 12.76, KO1: 15.64, KO2: 14.86, KO3: 14.35, KO4: 14.13, KO5: 15.01, KO6: 15.50, KO7: 17.94, H: 14.19, F: 13.73). The combined compost treatment of three types of organic matter (Imperata cylindrica + Rice straw + Glincidia sepium) is more effective in increasing the pH, H2O as 37.42%, total-N as 176.92%, Organic-C as 59.46%, available-P as 41.45%, base saturation as 65.53%, cation exchange capacity as 17.94% and exchangeable -Al, Alreduction as 30.28% of ultisol soil. KEY WORDS: compost, humic acid, fulvate, soil chemical, ultisol

scholarly journals Pengaruh Beberapa Formula Pupuk Terhadap Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Hasil Tanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.) di Subak Tegal Lantang Kecamatan Denpasar Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
MADE KRISNANDA ADI SAPUTRA ◽  
KETUT DHARMA SUSILA ◽  
TATI BUDI KUSMIYARTI
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Effect of Some Fertilizer Formulas on Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Green Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Subak Tegal Lantang, West Denpasar District. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of several fertilizer formulas on soil chemical properties and yield of green mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Subak Tegal Lantang, West Denpasar District. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 6 treatments including controls and repeated 4 times with a total of 24 treatment plots. Fertilization treatment consists of three types of fertilizers, namely organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and biofertilizer. The fertilizer formula tested consisted of P0 = control (without fertilizer), P1= 5 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1, P2= 5 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1 + biofertilizer (1 cc / liter water / plot), P3= 10 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1, P4= 10 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1 + biofertilizer (1 cc / liter of water / plot), P5= biofertilizer with a concentration of 1 cc / liter of water / plot. The data from the observed parameters then analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (Anova) to determine the significance of the treatment. If it has a significant effect on the parameters observed, then it will be followed by the LSD test at the 5% real level. The results of study showed that the fertilizer formula treatment had a very significant effect on organic-C (P <0,01) and significantly affected the plant fresh weight (P <0,05), but had no significant effect on the acidity (pH), total-N, available-K, available-P, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, plant height, number of leaves, and plant dry weight. The P4 fertilizer formula gave the highest increase in soil organic-C content significantly by 2.99% or an increase of 66% compared to the control and gave the highest yield of fresh greens mustard by 23.64 tons ha-1.

scholarly journals Ultisols fertility and morphological characteristics of N-fixing bacteria from oil palm rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah Oktari ◽  
Novilda Elizabeth Mustamu ◽  
Hilwa Walida
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Exploratory studies on microorganisms from the oil palm rhizosphere can be used to increase the nitrogen availability in acidic soils. The present study aimed to determine the soil nutrients and obtain the relationship among the soil chemical characteristics, as well as the morphological and microscopic characteristics of N-fixing bacteria isolates, in Ultisols from the oil palm rhizosphere. The Ultisols fertility was classified as very low to moderate. In addition, the increasing soil pH toward neutral increased the cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+), total N, organic C and available P. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolates with varied shapes (circular, concentric, irregular and diffuse) and edges (wavy, slippery and irregular) were found, and the dominant type of isolate presented raised elevation. Four types of isolate had a white color and only one a clear color. Three Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria isolates showed a bacillus shape.

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