Response of yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedling shoot growth to low concentrations of O3, SO2, and NO2

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Mahoney ◽  
J. M. Skelly ◽  
B. I. Chevone ◽  
L. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Six-week-old yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedlings from one half-sib family were exposed to various combinations of 0.07 ppm O3, 0.06 ppm SO2, and 0.10 ppm NO2 6 h daily for 35 consecutive days. Ozone and SO2 alone did not suppress total shoot elongation compared with control seedlings after the 5-week fumigation period, whereas the combinations of O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 significantly reduced total shoot height 51, 64, and 51%, respectively. Of the pollutant combinations, SO2 + NO2 most severely inhibited the rate of height growth with this effect initially occurring after only 2 weeks of fumigation. The dry weight of seedlings exposed to O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 were significantly less than plants exposed to no pollutants, O3, or SO2. Total shoot height growth was highly correlated with seedling dry weight (r = 0.97)

scholarly journals Emergence and Shoot Growth of Cosmos and Marigold from Paclobutrazol-treated Seed

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace G. Pill ◽  
James A. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether treating seeds of ‘Sensation Mixed’ cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and ‘Bonanza Gold’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.) with paclobutrazol (PB) could suppress seedling growth. Seeds were soaked in solutions of 0, 500 or 1000 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) for 16 hours at 25C (77F) or they were primed [−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) for 7 days at 20C (68F)] in Grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite moistened with 0, 500 or 1000 ppm PB solltuions. Soaked and primed seeds were dried for 1 day at 19C (65F) and 25% relative humidity. These seeds and control (non-treated) seeds were sown into plug cells containing peat-lite. Increasing PB concentration decreased cosmos shoot height at 32 days after planting (DAP), but decreased emergence percentage, responses that were more pronounced with priming than with soaking. A 1 ppm PB growth medium drench [30 ml/cell(0.2 mg PB/cell)] and, to a greater extent a 10 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) shoot spray [2 ml/shoot (0.02 mg PB/shoot)], both applied at 10 DAP, resulted in greater cosmos shoot height suppression at 32 DAP than treatment of seeds with 1000 ppm PB. Soaking marigold seeds in 1000 ppm PB failed to decrease shoot height below those of plants from non-treated seeds at 32 DAP. However, exposure to 1000 ppm PB during priming of marigold seeds resulted in a similar shoot height suppression (13%) as the growth medium drench, and similar shoot dry weight reduction (21%) as the shoot spray. Suppression of shoot growth by this seed treatment was short-term since by five weeks after transplanting into 15 cm (6 in) pots, only marigold plants that had received the growth medium drench or shoot spray were smaller than those of control plants. Treating marigold seeds with 1000 mg ppm PB used about one-fifth the PB used to drench the growth medium.

Effect of Herbicides on Germination and Growth of Four Grass Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Germination And Growth

In the greenhouse, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 0.6 kg ae/ha applied directly to seeds alone or seeds on the soil surface reduced germination and shoot dry weight of common rye (Secale cerealeL. ♯3SECCE). Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) applied similarly at 0.6 kg ai/ha reduced germination and shoot dry weight of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Daws' ♯ TRZAX). Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one] at 0.6 kg ai/ha applied to seeds, soil, or seeds and soil had very little effect on germination, but significantly reduced shoot dry weight of common rye, downy brome, wheat, and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost. ♯ AEGCY). Pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] at 0.6 kg ai/ha, and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) at 3.4 kg ai/ha plus extender (p-chlorophenyl-N-methylcarbamate) at 0.4 kg ai/ha substantially reduced shoot height and dry weight of all species, regardless of application method, with pronamide completely inhibiting shoot elongation and dry-weight production in three of the four species.

Digestibility and chemical composition of fractions of lucerne during spring and summer

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Christian ◽  
D. B. Jones ◽  
M. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Leaf Composition

SUMMARYBulk harvests of primary growth were made at intervals during the spring and summer of 2 consecutive years from an ungrazed area of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and the digestibility by sheep was measured. At the same times, shoots of known length representative of the sward were collected, divided into 7·5 cm lengths, and separated into leaf and stem for the determination of ash, nitrogen, cellulose, and in vitro organic matter digestibility.Digestibility and leaf: stem ratio of the bulk harvests decreased and dry matter increased as the season advanced. Leaf composition changed little, but stem increased in lignin and decreased in ash and in vitro digestibility. In vitro digestibility and leaf: stem ratio were highly correlated with sheep digestibility.Chemical composition of shoots of known heights was similar to that of the bulk harvests. Leaf weights/shoot tended to increase linearly with height of shoot, whereas stem increased nearly as the square of the height. Dry matter of leaf and stem were inversely related to leaf:stem ratio. Stem digestibility decreased with leaf:stem ratio and with increase in shoot height.Chemical components of shoot fractions were associated with each other and were largely dependent on the distance from the top of the shoot at which they had been taken, irrespective of shoot height or time of year. Bottom stems had lower ash, nitrogen and digestibility but higher cellulose, dry weight and dry matter than top stems, whose composition approached that of leaves. Leaf fractions showed little consistent trend with position on the shoot.Some of the difficulties in studying changes in plant composition under field conditions are discussed.

scholarly journals Response of Peach Seedlings to Root-zone Temperature and Root-applied Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 870-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tagliavini ◽  
N.E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Zone Temperature

Root and shoot growth of peach seedlings was strongly suppressed when the roots were held at 8 to 10C. Shoot and root dry weights and root volume increased linearly with increasing root-zone temperature (RZT) to 22C. GA3 at 5.7 μm (2 ppm) added to the aerated full nutrient solution reversed the effect of low RZT on shoot elongation but inhibited root growth at all RZTs. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) (6.8 × 10-3μm) (2 ppb) inhibited shoot elongation at all RZTs and shoot dry weight at 16 and 22C. However, PBZ had no effect on root dry weight accumulation at any RZT. The shoot growth-promoting effect of GA3, relative to control plants, disappeared at higher RZTs, but GA3 reversed the growth-inhibiting effect of PBZ at all RZTs. PBZ increased mean root diameter at all RZTs and significantly increased root volume at 22C. These results show that growth of peach seedlings is profoundly influenced by a cool root-zone environment. The plant growth regulator effects suggest that seedling roots play an important role in whole-plant gibberellin physiology. Some possible implications for fruit production are discussed. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA3); β -[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- α -(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol(paclobutrazol,PBZ).

Responses of Pinusbanksiana and Pinusresinosa seedlings to flooding

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Growth Production

Flooding of soil for 45 days severely inhibited growth of 115-day-old Pinusbanksiana Lamb, and P. resinosa Ait. seedlings, with significant effects apparent within 15 days after initiation of flooding. Both species adapted poorly to flooding of soil but P. banksiana was more adversely affected than P. resinosa as shown by earlier and more drastic reduction of growth in the former species. In both species flooding decreased the rate of height growth, production of secondary needles, dry weight increment, and relative growth rates of various plant parts. Root growth of both species was reduced more than shoot growth. The reduction in dry weight increment of root systems of both species reflected arrested branching and elongation of roots as well as decay of roots, mainly the very small nonwoody roots. Flooding slightly stimulated ethylene production by submerged stems.

scholarly journals Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Tomato and Impatiens in Response to Seed Treatment with Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Still ◽  
Wallace G. Pill
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Grade 5

Seed treatments with paclobutrazol (PB), a triazole growth retardant, were examined for seedling growth suppression without exerting a deleterious effect on germination or emergence. Seeds of `Salmon Picotee impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook f.) and `Marglobe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were soaked for 24 or 48 hours at 22 °C in 0, 50, 500, or 1000 mg·L-1 PB or were primed in polyethylene glycol 8000 or grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite (both at -1.0 MPa for 7 days at 22 °C) containing these PB solutions. Any PB seed treatment of impatiens (including a series of lower concentrations up to 50 mg·L-1 PB) that elicited seedling growth suppression also reduced germination and emergence. For tomato, soaking seeds for 24 hours in up to 1000 mg·L-1 PB had little or no effect on germination or emergence, and yet shoot height or dry weight was not decreased further by exceeding 50 mg·L-1 PB. At any PB concentration, soaking seeds for 48 hours or priming seeds resulted in lower percentage of germination or emergence than soaking seeds for 24 hours. Soaking tomato seeds in 50 mg·L-1 PB for 24 hours resulted in similar shoot growth suppression until at least 31 days after planting as a growth medium drench (1 mg·L-1 PB) or as a shoot spray (10 mg·L-1 PB), both applied at 14 days after planting. Beyond 31 days after planting, however, the latter two treatments gave greater shoot growth suppression than the PB seed soak treatment, which had lost its growth suppressive effect. Chemical name used: (+)-(R*,R*)-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- -(1,1,-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

SOME EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION ON THE GROWTH OF JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. O'Neil
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
Reduced Height

Young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were defoliated manually to measure the effects of defoliation on growth of this species, and to determine the relative efficiency of foliage of different ages with respect to growth. The removal of 2-year-old or 3-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth, but their joint removal reduced height growth. Height growth was also reduced by the removal of 1-year-old foliage. Current foliage was found essential for the maintenance of normal height, diameter, and shoot growth; in addition, its removal induced high bud mortality, the production of profuse adventitious growth, and a reduction in the rate of shoot elongation. Trees deprived of all but current foliage showed marked reductions in height, diameter, and shoot growth. Complete defoliation resulted in tree death shortly thereafter. Growth reductions resulting from some of the treatments approximated that following defoliation by the Swaine jack-pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei Midd.). Also, the present results are compared with those obtained by several other workers in this field.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability in Root and Shoot Growth Characteristics of Peanut1,2

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Ketring ◽  
W. R. Jordan ◽  
O. D. Smith ◽  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract The shape and extent of root systems influence the rate and pattern of nutrient and water uptake from the soil. In dicotyledons such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the primary root and its laterals constitute the main root system. Rooting trait differences in some crops have been associated with drought tolerance. Our objective in this study was to determine if variation in root length and number occurs among peanut genotypes. In one test, shoot and root growth of 23 genotypes (12 spanish and 11 virginia types) were compared in the greenhouse at 55 days after planting using clear acrylic tubes 7.5 cm in diameter and 2.2 m in length. Shoot dry weight, leaf area, tap root length, and root number at 1 m depth ranged for spanish-type entries from 1.23 to 2.65 g, 214 to 409 cm2, 95.0 to 186.8 cm, and 1.0 to 3.1, respectively. Similarly, ranges for virginia-type entries were 1.35 to 3.23 g, 135 to 460 cm2, 122.4 to 192.6 cm, and 1.0 to 7.1. Correlations between shoot and root parameters indicated strong positive association between aerial and subterranean growth. However, the relationship of leaf area to root length was stronger for virginia- than for spanish-type entries. Root length and numbers were highly correlated for spanish, but not for virginia entries. In other tests that included two each of virginia-, spanish-, and valencia-type entries, similar results were found for plants at 34 and 47 days after planting. Significant differences in both root (length and numbers) and shoot growth (dry weight and leaf area) were found among the genotypes tested. Inherent differences in root growth rate were evident at early stages of seedling growth. The results from this sample of peanut germplasm indicate that there is considerable diversity in root growth and there is high shoot/root growth association.

Gibberellins and heterosis in poplar

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1148-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bate ◽  
Stewart B. Rood ◽  
Terence J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Highly Correlated

To investigate the possible involvement of gibberellins (GAs) in heterosis of hybrid poplar, six poplar clones were studied, including two Populus deltoides clones and two interspecific hybrid clones (P. ×euramericana = P. deltoides × P. nigra) originating from crosses with each of the P. deltoides clones. In field conditions in Ontario, Canada, the interspecific hybrids were consistently taller and had greater shoot dry weights than their parental P. deltoides clones. Shoot dry weights and heights were highly correlated across the six clones, as clonal rankings for these parameters were identical. Endogenous GA-like substances were extracted, purified, chromatographed on silica gel partition columns, and quantified by the cv. Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice bioassay. Bioactive peaks were further chromatographed on reversed-phase C18 HPLC and again bio-assayed. Statistically significant differences in concentrations of total GA-like substances were observed. With one exception, the rankings for the concentrations of GA-like substances and those of GA1-like plus GA19-like substances were similar to the rankings for height growth. Gibberellins A1 and A19 have been identified from the tissue of hybrid poplar by capillary gas chromatography – selected ion monitoring (GC–SIM), and GA1 was also identified by GC–SIM in this tissue. In three of four comparisons, interspecific hybrids contained significantly higher concentrations of GA-like activity than their corresponding parental clones. Thus, a correlation was observed between the concentration of endogenous GA-like activity and hybrid vigor for height growth and shoot dry weight in poplar.

Early progeny testing and evaluation of controlled crosses of black spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne J. Williams ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Richard P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Height

Known parent F1 crosses of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were ranked in field progeny tests at ages 7 to 13 years for height and stem volume growth. Nine crosses, including two selfs, were chosen for early juvenile progeny testing in a glasshouse environment. Performance of early seedling growth for the same nine families grown under both field and glasshouse conditions were thus compared in a retrospective study. Juvenile–mature correlations were established between a number of traits associated with tree growth and vigor. Within the nine families there was a ranking from "fast"- to "slow"-growing family groups. Monthly measurements of morphological characters at ages 3 to 6 months in the glasshouse showed highly significant family variation for total height, root collar diameter, lateral branch number, needle number, volume, branch length, and shoot, root, and total seedling dry weights. Weekly application of gibberellin A4/7(GA4/7) beginning at age 3 months influenced 5- and 6-month shoot volume and shoot height, and final dry weight measurements (age 6 months). Height growth of the four slowest growing families (two outcrossed, two selfed) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by GA4/7 application, but the hormone had no significant effect on height growth of the five faster-growing families (all out-crossed). This may indicate that endogenous gibberellins are not limiting for height growth of faster growing families, but may be limiting for height growth of slower growing families. Simple correlations were highly significant between age 7 to 13 years for field height measurements, and 13-year field volume, versus glasshouse height, stem volume, and the several dry weight measurements at age 6 months. Similarly, Spearman rank order correlations were also significant. These strong correlations between early growth in the glasshouse environment and that of field growth (age 7 to 13 years) suggest that the poorest growing crosses can be identified in a juvenile growth progeny tets under glasshouse conditions by at least age 6 months. Rogueing of the poorest performers as a result of glasshouse testing would thus be at least as reliable as rogueing based on 13 years of field assessment. Selected families for such tests should of course come from similar latitudes and elevations

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