Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Borchers ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Pacific Madrone

A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.

Frost hardiness and winter photosynthesis of Thujapiicata and Pseudotsugamenzlesll seedlings grown at three rates of nitrogen and phosphorus supply

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Hawkins ◽  
M. Davradou ◽  
D. Pier ◽  
R. Shortt
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
One Year ◽  
P Supply

One-year-old seedlings of western red cedar (Thujapiicata Donn ex D.Don) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were grown for one season in five nutrient treatments with nitrogen (N) supplied in solution at rates of 20, 100, or 250 mg•L−1 and phosphorus (P) supplied at rates of 4, 20, or 60 mg•L−1. Growth, onset of dormancy, frost hardiness on six dates, and foliar nutrient concentrations in autumn and spring were measured. Midwinter rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration were measured at air temperatures of 4, 7, and 11 °C in seedlings from all nutrient treatments. Recovery of net photosynthesis and transpiration in whole seedlings from the three N treatments was assessed at intervals for 28 days after the seedlings were frozen to −5, −15, and −25°C. Foliar N content differed significantly among nutrient treatments and was positively correlated with supply. Mitotic activity ceased earliest in plants with low N supply. Douglas-fir seedlings in the low-N treatment also ceased height growth earliest. These differences in growth had no significant correlation with frost hardiness. No consistent differences in frost hardiness among nutrient treatments were observed. Higher rates of N and P supply resulted in higher rates of winter net photosynthesis. Net photosynthesis was reduced dramatically by night frost, with greater damage occurring at lower temperatures. Net photosynthesis recovery occurred most quickly in seedlings with the midrate of N and P supply.

scholarly journals Foliar Nutrient Characteristics of Four Conifer Species in the Interior Northwest United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Moore ◽  
Peter G. Mika ◽  
Terry M. Shaw ◽  
Mariann I. Garrison-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Forest Tree Nutrition

Abstract This article provides foliar nutrient concentration distributions and sample size calculations for Douglas-fir, grand fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Managers can obtain foliar nutrient values from their own lands and use this information to make judgments on the relative nutrient status of forest stands. Foliage was collected from unfertilized trees at 160 different research sites of the Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative spanning a 16 yr period from 1982 to 1997. Douglas-fir showed the lowest variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, while grand fir was the most variable of the species sampled. Nitrogen was the least variable and Mn and Mo generally the most variable elements for all species. Grand fir had much higher foliar concentrations of K and Ca than the other species. Ponderosa pine had the highest foliar N concentrations. The pines generally have lower nutrient concentrations than the firs, with the exception of Zn. Western hemlock habitat types showed lower Douglas-fir foliar Ca, Mg, and B concentrations, but higher K concentrations than other habitat type series. Douglas-fir growing on soils derived from meta-sedimentary rocks generally had lower foliar nutrient concentrations than those growing on other rock types. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):13–24.

Tree species and soil nutrient profiles in old-growth forests of the Oregon Coast Range

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Cross ◽  
Steven S. Perakis
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Oregon Coast Range ◽  
Old Growth Forests

Old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest provide a unique opportunity to examine tree species – soil relationships in ecosystems that have developed without significant human disturbance. We characterized foliage, forest floor, and mineral soil nutrients associated with four canopy tree species (Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh)) in eight old-growth forests of the Oregon Coast Range. The greatest forest floor accumulations of C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K occurred under Douglas-fir, primarily due to greater forest floor mass. In mineral soil, western hemlock exhibited significantly lower Ca concentration and sum of cations (Ca + Mg + K) than bigleaf maple, with intermediate values for Douglas-fir and western redcedar. Bigleaf maple explained most species-based differences in foliar nutrients, displaying high concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, and K. Foliar P and N:P variations largely reflected soil P variation across sites. The four tree species that we examined exhibited a number of individualistic effects on soil nutrient levels that contribute to biogeochemical heterogeneity in these ecosystems. Where fire suppression and long-term succession favor dominance by highly shade-tolerant western hemlock, our results suggest a potential for declines in both soil Ca availability and soil biogeochemical heterogeneity in old-growth forests.

Seasonal variations in a Douglas fir stand in total and soluble nitrogen in inner bark and root and in total and mineralizable nitrogen in soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche ◽  
J. E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Root Sampling ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Proline Concentration ◽  
Arginine Concentration ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Monthly sampling of stem inner bark, roots, litter, humus, and mineral soil was carried out in six 0.1-ha plots in a 47-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand for 1 year. Pairs of plots had received urea fertilization at the rates of 0, 224, and 448 kg nitrogen (N)/ha 4 years previously. Inner bark and roots were chemically analysed to determine concentrations of total N, soluble N, ninhydrin-positive compounds, monosubstituted guanidino amino compounds, arginine, and proline. Concentration of total N was determined in litter, humus, and mineral soil samples, and concentration of mineralizable N was also determined in humus and mineral soil.All sets of data showed an effect of season, but analysis of root soluble N, root guanidino compounds, root arginine, and litter total N were the most satisfactory for distinguishing differences in N level due to fertilizer treatments. For this purpose root sampling was best done in June and July, and litter sampling between January and May. Soluble N concentration was higher in inner bark than in roots, but arginine concentration was higher in roots than in inner bark. Root arginine concentration was high in winter and decreased to a low level in October before starting to accumulate again, suggesting it behaves as a N storage compound. Litter total N showed a decrease in concentration in July and August, followed by a recovery.

Influence of nutrient supply and water vapour pressure on root architecture of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy S. S. Conlin ◽  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Growth Responses

Root growth responses of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.) seedlings to three nutrient concentrations and two shoot vapour pressure deficits were measured. Both species gained dry mass at high and medium nutrient treatments throughout the experiment, but not at low nutrition. Low nutrition gave highest ratios of projected leaf surface area to total root length in both species. Douglas-fir geometry differed from that of hemlock, with longer interior link lengths, particularly at the lowest nutrition. Douglas-fir showed greater numbers of exterior–interior links than hemlock. More links were observed at medium and high nutrition than at low nutrition for both species. Exterior–interior links increased over time for the two highest nutrient treatments. Significant topological differences were observed between species, the lowest and two highest nutrient treatments, and high and low vapour pressure deficits. Both species showed herring-bone root architecture at the lowest nutrition. This architectural configuration became more pronounced in hemlock seedlings grown under higher vapour pressure deficits. Faster-growing Douglas-fir had a dichotomous architecture at medium and high nutrition that was not influenced by increased vapour pressure deficits. Douglas-fir topology appears to be adapted to exploit soil nutrient patches while hemlock appears to rely on efficient exploitation of soil volume.

scholarly journals Investigating Relationships between Nutrient Concentrations, Stem Sinuosity, and Tree Improvement in Douglas-Fir Stands in Western Washington

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Pranjal Dwivedi ◽  
Eric Sucre ◽  
Eric C. Turnblom ◽  
Robert B. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

Stem sinuosity is a deformation that occurs in Douglas-fir and other tree species. Nutritional deficiencies, such as those of copper, zinc, boron, and calcium have been positively associated with increased stem form deformities. The objective of this study was to analyze available soil and total foliar concentrations of sinuous Douglas-fir stands and determine if these data provided insights into the role of nutrients on sinuosity across different sites. Relationships among genetic gain levels across different sites were also assessed to evaluate whether trees selected for growth and form were better at mobilizing and sequestering nutrients in soils or needles. As data collected were multivariate, Mantel test and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were used to study effects of site, genetic gain levels on soil, and foliar nutrients, with ordinations used to visualize trends. The stands were found to be deficient in boron and calcium, and moderately deficient with respect to zinc and nitrogen. Combining foliar data with soil nutrients revealed that there was differential uptake of these nutrients as compared to other more abundant micronutrients. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that site was the most important predictor, which explained variation among soil nutrient concentrations. Genetic gain level was a significant predictor for variation among soil nutrients; however, not significantly for foliar concentrations according to multivariate analyses. Trends in the data indicate that proper genetic selection could reduce sinuosity while also increasing growth. The results of this study support the contention that no one single factor can explain stem sinuosity. It is likely that sinuous growth in trees is caused by a combination of unbalanced nutrient concentrations and metal deficiencies, as were seen in this study, in addition to genetic, environmental, and physiological factors.

Foliar Nutrient Concentration Differences Between Provenances of Douglas Fir and Their Significance to Foliar Analysis Interpretation

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

Foliar nutrient concentration differences between provenances, and the relationship between foliar nutrient levels and provenance growth was examined in Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from the coastal region of British Columbia.In the first experiment differences in foliar nutrient concentrations among four provenances of 3-year old plants, ranged from 8 to 18%. The relationships between these provenances differed according to whether needle, or whole plant nutrient concentrations were considered.In the second experiment 2-year old plants of three provenances, grown under four fertilizer regimes, at each of three nurseries, showed that differences in growth and foliar nutrient concentrations between provenances were affected by nursery. The degree of correlation between shoot length and foliage nutrient concentration varied according to provenance. Coefficients for the regression of shoot length on foliar N and K differed between provenances even when provenance foliar N and K levels were similar. It was suggested that the relationship between foliar nutrient concentrations and shoot length may differ between provenances.

Soil and pine foliage nutrient responses 15 years after competing-vegetation control and their correlation with growth for 13 loblolly pine plantations in the southern United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2412-2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H Miller ◽  
H Lee Allen ◽  
Bruce R Zutter ◽  
Shepard M Zedaker ◽  
Ray A Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Plantation Development ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Influences of competition-control treatments on long-term soil and foliar nutrition were examined using a regional data set (the Competition Omission Monitoring Project) that documents loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation development for 15 years after early intensive woody and (or) herbaceous control. Examined were trends for macro nutrients in soils sampled at years 0 and 15 and in pine foliage at years 2, 6, and 15 and their correlations with one another and with pine growth. Early control treatments resulted in distinct plantation successional patterns with contrasting herbaceous and woody components, all under pine-dominated canopies. There was an overall decrease in soil nutrient concentrations after 15 years of pine-plantation management, while C, N, and Ca decreased most after vegetation control. Early herbaceous treatments resulted in significantly less foliar N and K at year 15 as well. Foliar nutrient contents and fascicle mass at year 2 tended to be better correlated with year-15 pine volume than values at year 6 or year 15. Year-15 P concentrations had the strongest correlations between soil and foliar nutrient levels (r = 0.71–0.77). By year 15, intensive pine culture and vegetation control had placed demands on soil nutrient supplies to support enhanced growth that have not yet been replaced.

Establishment of salmonberry, salal, vine maple, and bigleaf maple seedlings in the coastal forests of Oregon

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1775-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
John C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Regeneration Niches

To identify seedling regeneration niches for four coastal Oregon shrub and hardwood species (salmonberry (Rubusspectabilis Pursh), salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh), vine maple (Acercircinatum Pursh), and bigleaf maple (Acermacrophyllum Pursh)) we studied the seed predation, emergence, survival, and growth of these species on disturbed and undisturbed soil in thinned, unthinned, and clear-cut conifer stands on two sites in the Oregon Coast Ranges. For all species, seedling emergence and survival were greater in thinned stands than in clearcuts or unthinned stands. In addition, emergence of salmonberry and salal was greater on mineral soil than on soil in which the organic layers were intact. After four years, height of salmonberry was greatest in the clearcuts, where it averaged 23 cm. Bigleaf maple and vine maple, which were heavily browsed in the clearcuts, reached their greatest height in the thinned stands, averaging 16 and 15 cm, respectively. Salal seedlings survived only in thinned stands and grew slowly, reaching a height of only 4–5 cm in 4 years. Seedling emergence and predation both were related to seed size. On both disturbed and undisturbed soil, vine and bigleaf maple, the species with the largest seeds, had the highest rates of emergence but also the highest rates of seed predation among the four species.

Water chemistry profiles in an early- and a mid-successional forest in coastal British Columbia

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Binkley ◽  
J. P. Kimmins ◽  
M. C. Feller
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Saturated Zone ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Zone Water

Water chemistry profiles of an 18-year-old forest ecosystem are compared with those of a 70- to 90-year-old forest ecosystem for a 9-month period. The younger ecosystem was dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) whereas western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir, and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) dominated the older ecosystem. Concentrations of nutrients and other chemicals were measured in throughfall, forest floor and mineral soil lecachates, saturated-zone water, and stream water. Concentrations of dissolved chemicals were much greater in the younger ecosystem than in the older ecosystem at intermediate stages in the profiles. However, stream water concentrations differed less between the two ecosystems for most of the chemicals investigated. Nitrate and silica were exceptional; stream water nitrate concentrations in the younger ecosystem averaged 16 times greater than those in the older ecosystem. This was probably a result of biological nitrogen fixation by red alder in the younger ecosystem, a process which would more than compensate for the higher nitrate losses. Silica concentrations in the younger ecosystem consistently exceeded levels in the older ecosystem by 40 to 100%. suggesting a possibility of a greater rate of mineral weathering in the younger ecosystem.Although nutrient concentrations were higher in the soil leachates of the younger ecosystem, these higher levels failed to persist through the saturated-zone water and stream water stages of the water chemistry profile. Consequently, the younger ecosystem appeared relatively more efficient at retaining dissolved nutrients than the older ecosystem. Stream water chemistry was relatively insensitive to the magnitudes of the differences in biogeochemical process rates of the two ecosystems.

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