Seasonal variations in a Douglas fir stand in total and soluble nitrogen in inner bark and root and in total and mineralizable nitrogen in soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche ◽  
J. E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Root Sampling ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Proline Concentration ◽  
Arginine Concentration ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Monthly sampling of stem inner bark, roots, litter, humus, and mineral soil was carried out in six 0.1-ha plots in a 47-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand for 1 year. Pairs of plots had received urea fertilization at the rates of 0, 224, and 448 kg nitrogen (N)/ha 4 years previously. Inner bark and roots were chemically analysed to determine concentrations of total N, soluble N, ninhydrin-positive compounds, monosubstituted guanidino amino compounds, arginine, and proline. Concentration of total N was determined in litter, humus, and mineral soil samples, and concentration of mineralizable N was also determined in humus and mineral soil.All sets of data showed an effect of season, but analysis of root soluble N, root guanidino compounds, root arginine, and litter total N were the most satisfactory for distinguishing differences in N level due to fertilizer treatments. For this purpose root sampling was best done in June and July, and litter sampling between January and May. Soluble N concentration was higher in inner bark than in roots, but arginine concentration was higher in roots than in inner bark. Root arginine concentration was high in winter and decreased to a low level in October before starting to accumulate again, suggesting it behaves as a N storage compound. Litter total N showed a decrease in concentration in July and August, followed by a recovery.

Douglas-fir soil C and N properties a decade after termination of urea fertilization

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2225-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S Homann ◽  
Bruce A Caldwell ◽  
H N Chappell ◽  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Chris W Swanston
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Chemical and microbial soil properties were assessed in paired unfertilized and urea fertilized (>89 g N·m–2) plots in 13 second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands distributed throughout western Washington and Oregon. A decade following the termination of fertilization, fertilized plots averaged 28% higher total N in the O layer than unfertilized plots, 24% higher total N in surface (0–5 cm) mineral soil, and up to four times the amount of extractable ammonium and nitrate. Decreased pH (0.2 pH units) caused by fertilization may have been due to nitrification or enhanced cation uptake. In some soil layers, fertilization decreased cellulase activity and soil respiration but increased wood decomposition. There was no effect of fertilization on concentrations of light and heavy fractions, labile carbohydrates, and phosphatase and xylanase activities. No increase in soil organic C was detected, although variability precluded observing an increase of less than ~15%. Lack of a regionwide fertilization influence on soil organic C contrasts with several site-specific forest and agricultural studies that have shown C increases resulting from fertilization. Overall, the results indicate a substantial residual influence on soil N a decade after urea fertilization but much more limited influence on soil C processes and pools.

Total and Soluble Nitrogen in Douglas Fir in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Status

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Van Den Driessche ◽  
J. E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Guanidino Compounds ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
N Compounds

Concentrations of total N, ninhydrin-positive compounds, and monosubstituted guanidino compounds were determined in current and 1-year-old foliage and twigs, and in roots of 3-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco.). These plants were grown in a trial where levels of N (0, 255, and 675 kg N/ha), and sources of N (nitrate, ammonium, and urea) had been applied factorially. N fertilizer treatment increased soluble N levels by as much as 19 times control values, whereas total N was increased at most 40%. Total N in 1-year-old foliage, current twigs, and roots, and guanidino compounds in 1-year-old twigs were consistently different for different N treatment levels. Sixty percent of the variance in plant size measurements could be explained by six N measurements, including total N, in multiple regression.In a second experiment, concentrations of arginine and proline, in addition to concentrations of ninhydrin-positive compounds, guanidino compounds, and total N, were determined in foliage of 3-year-old Douglas fir grown in growth chambers at 10 and 21 °C. Four provenances, to which three moisture-stress treatments were factorially applied, were represented at each temperature. Concentration of soluble N compounds was higher at 21 °C than at 10 °C, but not concentration of total N. Moisture stress increased concentration of soluble N compounds, in particular proline, and there were some differences between provenances in concentrations of soluble N compounds and total N.

Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Borchers ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Pacific Madrone

A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.

Potentially mineralizable nitrogen, decomposition rates and their relationship to temperature for five Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Campbell ◽  
RJK Myers ◽  
KL Weier
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Net Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen

The procedure of Stanford and coworkers was used to quantitatively relate net nitrogen mineralization in five Queensland semi-arid soils to temperature. The concentration of potentially mineralizable nitrogen (No) (1) ranged from 67 �g nitrogen g-1 for a red earth subsoil to 256 for a recently cultivated cracking clay surface soil, (2) was directly proportional to total soil carbon, (3) was greater in surface than in subsurface soil, and (4) was greater in subtropical than tropical soils. Expressed as a fraction of total nitrogen (No/Total N), it ranged between 8 and 21%, and was directly proportional to cation exchange capacity, perhaps implicating expanding lattice clays in stabilization of cell lysates and metabolites. The mineralization rate constant (k) was directly proportional to total carbon, the fuel for microbially mediated reactions in soil. The average k for surface soils was interpolated to be 0.058, 0.031, and 0.018 week-1, corresponding to half-lives of 11.9, 22.4 and 38.5 weeks, at 35�, 25� and 15�C, respectively; these values are similar to those reported for U.S.A. and Chilean soils. The Arrhenius relationship between k and temperature for surface soils (log k = 6.14-2285/T) was similar to that reported by Stanford for U.S.A. soils, and indicates that this relationship might be a general one.

Effects of thinning and urea fertilization on the distribution of area increment along the boles of Douglas-fir at Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Thomson ◽  
H. J. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Urea Fertilization ◽  
Measurement Period ◽  
Growth Distribution

The effects of fertilization and thinning of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on the distribution of area increment along the bole were assessed using radial growth measurements 6 and 9 years after treatment. Within treatments, the average area increment per tree was linearly related to diameter at breast height, and this relationship was used to evaluate the effects of treatment on growth rate. Fertilization had the greatest effect on average area increment, and for a particular fertilization regime, thinning increased the response. Thinning modified the distribution of growth over the bole of all trees and increased butt flare, especially in smaller trees. The effect declined from the 4- to 6-year measurement period to the 7-to 9-year measurement period. Fertilization had no consistent effect on growth distribution. The regression methods used in this study provided a more sensitive measure of form changes than previous methods, were independent of size distribution, and facilitated extrapolations and evaluation of temporal trend.

Initial quantitative characterization of soil nutrient regimes. II. Relationships among soils, vegetation, and site index

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Kabzems ◽  
K. Klinka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Soil Nutrient Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Highly Correlated

Relationships between soil properties, understory vegetation, foliar properties, and site index were examined in some Douglas-fir ecosystems on Vancouver Island. Multivariate summaries of variation in understory vegetation and foliar properties were highly correlated with the soil properties (mineralizable N, total N, and exchangeable Ca and Mg) that best characterized soil nutrient regimes of the ecosystems. The increases in soil nutrient availability were correlated with increased foliar N concentrations of the current year foliage. A consistent correlation was found between increased soil nutrient availability (particularly N, Mg, Ca) and decreased foliar Mn and Al. Site index of Douglas-fir was significantly greater on sites with greater quantities of most nutrients (particularly N, Mg, Ca) when sites with equivalent soil moisture regime were compared.

Different nitrogen sources for fertilizing western hemlock in western Washington

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Radwan ◽  
D. S. DeBell ◽  
S. R. Webster ◽  
S. P. Gessel
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Western Washington

Effects of different sources of fertilizer N on selected chemical characteristics of soils and foliage, and on growth of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) were compared at three different sites in western Washington. Treatments were the following: untreated control (O), ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), calcium nitrate (CN), urea (U), and urea – ammonium sulfate (US). Fertilizers were applied in the spring (April–May) at 224 kg N/ha. Forest floor and mineral soil, to a depth of 5 cm, and foliage were sampled periodically for 2 years. Height and diameter of selected trees were measured periodically for 4 years. Results are reported mostly for two sites, one in the Cascade Range and one in the coastal zone in western Washington. The pH of forest floor and mineral soil varied by treatment, and the two urea fertilizers caused substantial initial rise. Effects on soil and foliar nutrients varied by fertilizer, sampling date, and location. In general, all fertilizers increased NH4 N, N03 N, and total N in the forest floor and mineral soil, and total N in the foliage. Also, with some exceptions, especially with foliar P in the Cascade site, fertilization reduced foliar content of important nutrients. At the Cascade site, 4-year growth responses in height, basal area, and volume averaged over all fertilizers were 30, 34, and 32%, respectively. AN, AS, CN, and urea resulted in height growth significantly (P < 0.20) higher than that of the control. Significant basal area growth and volume-growth responses were produced by AN, CN, and US. No significant height-growth response to any fertilizer occurred in the coastal stand; basal area growth and volume-growth responses averaged 27 and 21%, respectively, and best response occurred with urea. These results suggest that the low and inconsistent response of hemlock to N fertilization cannot be improved by applying some N fertilizer other than urea. Factors limiting response to N fertilization may be associated with availability of native N and other nutrients or other characteristics of hemlock sites and stands.

Biomass and nutrient content of Douglas-fir logs and other detrital pools in an old-growth forest, Oregon, U.S.A.

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1536-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Means ◽  
Paul C. MacMillan ◽  
Kermit Cromack Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Close Association ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
N Release

Logs, forest floor, and mineral soil were sampled and measured, and snags were measured, in a 450-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Logs, some still identifiable after 300 years on the forest floor, contained large amounts of organic matter (222 Mg/ha), C (100 Mg/ha), water (559–10 700 L/log), N (183 kg/ha), and Ca (141 kg/ha), and smaller amounts of P (5.5 kg/ha), K (22 kg/ha), Mg (14 kg/ha), and Na (3.7 kg/ha). Logs and snags covered about 17% of the forest floor and had an all-sided area index of 0.69 m2/m2. Through mineralization, C, N, and K were lost through time; Ca and Mg increased; and P and Na increased then decreased, showing no net change. Also through mineralization, cellulose and hot acid detergent soluble fraction decreased more rapidly than lignin. Lignin was apparently not lost until the later stages of decay, when N was also lost in significant amounts. This parallels the shift from initial dominance by white rots that degraded cellulose and lignin to later dominance by brown rots that preferentially degraded cellulose. Lignin and cellulose were eventually lost at more similar rates in later decay stages. This may have been due in part to a close association between the remaining cellulose and lignin in later decay stages. Lignin was a better predictor of the onset of N release than was the C:N ratio.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and soluble carbohydrate contents of grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N

Italian rye-grass given ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate at 56 or 112 lb. N/acre was analysed for total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (non-protein-nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates.Ten days after applying fertilizer the differences in total-N between the grass receiving 56 and grass receiving 112 lb. N/acre were very small. Total-N in grass decreased with growth, but the effect of the rate of nitrogen on total-N increased. At first the grass given sodium nitrate contained more soluble nitrogen than grass given ammonium sulphate, the difference being greater at 56 lb. N/acre; soluble nitrogen decreased with increasing growth. Ten days after applying fertilizer, the nitrate-N content of grass was very high (ranging from 0·1 to 0·9% in the D.M.) and it gradually decreased. At both levels of nitrogen application, grass given sodium nitrate contained much more nitrate-N than grass given ammonium sulphate. Forty days after applying nitrogen the nitrate-N contents of grass which received 56 and 112 1b. N/acre as ammonium sulphate were 0·039 and 0·222% of the dry matter, respectively; the grass supplied with sodium nitrate gave values of 0·082 and 0·438%.Total soluble carbohydrates in the grass were small early in growth and gradually increased. Nitrogen dressings had little effect on the content of soluble sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) but greatly decreased the fructosan. The pattern of changes in the total soluble carbohydrate content followed that in fructosan content. Early in growth, the total soluble carbohydrate/crude protein ratio was very small in grass from all treatments except the ‘control’. This ratio increased with growth and at the last sampling was 2·13 in grass receiving no nitrogen, and in grass supplied with 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as ammonium sulphate it was 1·44 and 0·72 respectively; the corresponding figures for grass receiving sodium nitrate were 1·13 and 0·66. The total soluble carbohydrate carbon/soluble nitrogen ratio in grass with no nitrogen was 18 at the first sampling and it increased gradually, reaching 70 at the last sampling. This ratio was considerably less with all nitrogen treatments than with ‘control’. The values obtained with 112 lb. N/acre were less than those obtained with 561b./acre, irrespective of the form of nitrogen used.The relationship between the soluble carbohydrate carbon content and the soluble nitrogen in grass is illustrated graphically and discussed.

Two Artificial (Oligidic) Media for the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Brewers Yeast ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

AbstractTwo artificial (oligidic) media have been developed for the rearing of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae under xenic conditions. One medium composed of macerated, frozen inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, antimicrobial agents sorbic acid and sodium benzoate, and water, permitted 75.17%, ± 3.04 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. A second medium, composed of powdered, lyophilized inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, glucose, cellulose, water, and agar, permitted 41.72%, ± 3.14 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. The rate of development on each medium to the fourth-instar, pupal, and adult stages was somewhat shorter than that in published developmental data for this species. Immature beetles appear to be tolerant of considerable variation in pH and physical consistency and palatability of food material but are relatively sensitive to moisture levels. The adults obtained from each of the two media appeared to be normal, and the females were capable of laying viable eggs.

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