The core area concept in forming contiguous areas for long-term forest planning

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1032-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Öhman ◽  
Ljusk Ola Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Area Measure ◽  
The Core ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Long Range Planning ◽  
The Cost

The core area concept is proposed as a criterion promoting the formation of contiguous areas of old growth over time in the landscape. Core area is defined as the area of old forest, free of edge effects, where the edge effect is a function of the state of the surrounding habitat. The core area measure is evaluated by solving a long-range planning problem for a landscape consisting of 200 stands, where the net present value of forest management is maximized under the constraint of a certain amount of core area in the landscape over a time horizon of 100 years. Simulated annealing is used as the solution technique. The results indicate that the degree to which stands are clustered depends on the amount of core area demanded and the extent of the edge width. The amount of new core area that is allocated adjacent to existing core area, indicating a continuity of core area formation, is increased with core area demand, the minimum age of old forest, and the existence of a U-shaped initial age structure. The cost of attaining the spatial patterns appears to be low compared with the cost of retaining the old forest.

Creating continuous areas of old forest in long-term forest planning

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1817-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Öhman
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Present Value ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Range Planning ◽  
The Cost

Harvest activities tend often to create landscapes where the old forest is fragmented into isolated patches that provide marginal conditions for species that inhabit forest interiors. This paper presents a long-range planning model designed to maximize the net present value and to create continuous patches of old forest. In this model, the spatial structure of old forest is controlled by core area and edge habitats. Core area is defined as the area of old forest that is free of edge effects from surrounding habitats. The core area requirement is set to a fixed value for each of a number of time periods, whereas the area of edge habitats, which should be as small as possible, is weighted against the net present value. The model is applied in a case study to an actual landscape consisting of 755 stands of forest in northern Sweden and solved using simulated annealing. The results show that distinct continuous patches of old forest are created when both a core area requirement and consideration of the amount of edge habitats are included in the problem formulation. The cost of creating continuous areas of old forest was found to be significant.

scholarly journals Improving Financial Performance Using Capital Budgeting Method Towards Cleaner Eyewear Product: A Case Study of Nasho

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Mia Juliani ◽  
Raden Aswin Rahadi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Financial History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this study was to know the factor that can be improved in the financial performance of Nasho. Nasho is a brand that focuses on offering products for eyeglass and helmet application that can be water, dew and dust repellent by utilizing the application of nanotechnology in the scope market of Bandung. However, to adapt the technology for Nasho is currently hampered by the limited capital to develop the technology itself. The company needs to manage the capital and minimize the cost to optimize the finance. The company needs to control the cost and expenses to avoid the high number of costs and expenses in terms of the development business stage. The research will use a qualitative approach by conducting interviews to Mr. Reza optics that will cooperate with Nasho to sell the product and use secondary data information from literature review, journal, books and primary data from financial history of Nasho and survey from the consumer of Nasho namely College student, Medical staff and Motorcycle riders and the components that are relevant to the conceptual framework. Survey used to get the consumer product and buying tendency information from Nasho’s consumer to validate the assumption of brand, price and buying intencity. Interview was conducted to get the suitable number of sales that are being used for cash flow forecasting scenario. The findings of this research is Nasho had low financial performance in the first two years of the business. After the evaluation, this can be improved by making a financial planning mix for short term and long term using the capital budgeting method in the form of three optimal scenarios of cash flow, Net Present Value (NPV), IRR and payback period that can be used as an optimal plan to run this business for the next five years.

Project Cost Estimating

1967 ◽  
Vol 71 (683) ◽  
pp. 737-744
Author(s):  
R. L. Petruschell
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Analytical Skills ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Long Range Planning ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

Cost estimating is all too frequently thought of as a necessary but dull and uninspiring task better performed by persons who are either incapable of, or uninterested in, wrestling with the important and exciting issues of the day. Even with the current concern for the economic implications of choice, cost estimating is only beginning to be accorded its rightful place in the decision making process. The reasons for this are many, but the most significant is probably a general lack of awareness of the potential benefits that are to be realised. One place where cost estimating has, in recent years, been allowed to play its proper role is in military long-range planning, and the rewards have been great. The general philosophy of the military planner and the concepts and methods of the cost estimator that have permitted this to happen are discussed. In the second part of the paper, an example of a cost analysis in support of a military planning problem is presented. The example points up the fact that cost estimating can be an intellectually stimulating activity worthy of the application of the best analytical skills available, and that it can provide useful answers to difficult and important questions even when uncertainty is great and quantification is difficult. Even though the discussion in ‘this paper is based on a military long-range planning application, the concepts, methods and techniques that have made success possible there, have much more general implications. Believing this, it is is hoped that this paper will serve to further the awareness of many, and stimulate some, to seek out the important benefits to be derived from a less traditional approach to cost estimating.

scholarly journals Modeling User Reputation in Online Social Networks: The Role of Costs, Benefits, and Reciprocity

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Frank Schweitzer ◽  
Pavlin Mavrodiev ◽  
Adrian M. Seufert ◽  
David Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Online Social Network ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Optimal Cost ◽  
The Core ◽  
User Reputation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Computational Analyses

We analyze an agent-based model to estimate how the costs and benefits of users in an online social network (OSN) impact the robustness of the OSN. Benefits are measured in terms of relative reputation that users receive from their followers. They can be increased by direct and indirect reciprocity in following each other, which leads to a core-periphery structure of the OSN. Costs relate to the effort to login, to maintain the profile, etc. and are assumed as constant for all users. The robustness of the OSN depends on the entry and exit of users over time. Intuitively, one would expect that higher costs lead to more users leaving and hence to a less robust OSN. We demonstrate that an optimal cost level exists, which maximizes both the performance of the OSN, measured by means of the long-term average benefit of its users, and the robustness of the OSN, measured by means of the lifetime of the core of the OSN. Our mathematical and computational analyses unfold how changes in the cost level impact reciprocity and subsequently the core-periphery structure of the OSN, to explain the optimal cost level.

scholarly journals An incentive-based mitigation strategy to encourage coexistence of large mammals and humans along the foothills of Indian Western Himalayas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Badola ◽  
Tanveer Ahmed ◽  
Amanat Kaur Gill ◽  
Pariva Dobriyal ◽  
Goura Chandra Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

AbstractEscalation of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a barrier to the conservation of ecological corridors across the globe. The existing mechanisms to counter HWC are either economically and socially taxing, or ineffective for long-term management. We assessed HWC in the corridor linking the Rajaji and Corbett Tiger Reserves in Uttarakhand, India, and its drivers, along with the benefits derived by local communities from the forest. We designed an innovative incentive-based mitigation mechanism to encourage coexistence of people and wildlife around the corridor. Costs incurred due to conflict and benefits derived from the forest were assessed using semi-structured questionnaire-based personal interviews (n = 757) with representatives from forest dependent households (hh). Fuelwood (1678.7 ± 131 kg hh−1 year−1), fodder (4772 ± 186 kg hh−1 year−1) and green/dry grass (3359 ± 104 kg hh−1 year−1) contributed 3 ± 1%, 6 ± 0.5% and 9 ± 1%, respectively, to the annual income of dependent households. 69% of the households practising agriculture reported crop damage by wild animals, 19% of the households that owned livestock reported livestock loss, and 1.58% reported attack on humans resulting in injuries. The cost incurred due to crop raiding and livestock depredation was US $ 159.83 ± 1.0 hh−1 year−1 and US $ 229.32 ± 34.0 hh−1 year−1, respectively. Crop loss was positively associated with the number of crops grown per season and cultivation of sugarcane, wheat and pulses, and negatively with distance from forest and cultivation of fodder and finger millet. Livestock depredation was negatively associated with distance from forest and positively with number of livestock owned, primarily calves. The accounting profit from cultivating a hectare of land, in the absence of crop depredation by wild animals, was estimated at US $ 3571.84 ha−1 year−1 and US $ 361.44 ha−1 year−1 for the plains and hills, respectively. This value can be used to calculate the payments to be paid to local communities to encourage them to adopt HWC resistant agricultural and pastoralism practices. The net present value of benefits from participating in the payments to encourage coexistence programme for 5 years, discounted at 12%, was US $ 12,875.7 ha−1 for the plains and US $ 1302.9 ha−1 for the hills.

Primary varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
H. Partsch
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Compression Therapy ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Primary Varicose Veins ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Convincing Data ◽  
Long Term Studies

SummaryBackground: Compression stockings are widely used in patients with varicose veins. Methods: Based on published literature three main points are discussed: 1. the rationale of compression therapy in primary varicose veins, 2. the prescription of compression stockings in daily practice, 3. studies required in the future. Results: The main objective of prescribing compression stockings for patients with varicose veins is to improve subjective leg complaints and to prevent swelling after sitting and standing. No convincing data are available concerning prevention of progression or of complications. In daily practice varicose veins are the most common indication to prescribe compression stockings. The compliance depends on the severity of the disorder and is rather poor in less severe stages. Long-term studies are needed to proof the cost-effectiveness of compression stockings concerning subjective symptoms and objective signs of varicose veins adjusted to their clinical severity. Conclusion: Compression stockings in primary varicose veins are able to improve leg complaints and to prevent swelling.

Russia’s Development Strategy: Guidelines and Restrictions

2008 ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Senchagov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Conceptual Basis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The core of Russia’s long-term socio-economic development strategy is represented by its conceptual basis. Having considered debating points about the essence and priority of the strategy, the author analyzes the logic and stages of its development as well as possibilities, restrictions and risks of high GDP rates of growth.

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Hoi Le Quoc ◽  
Nam Pham Xuan ◽  
Tuan Nguyen Anh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
First Time

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

IMPROVEMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Stoyanets ◽  
◽  
Mathias Onuh Aboyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Technological Equipment ◽  
Alliance Partner ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Platform ◽  
The Cost

The article defines that for the successful implementation of an innovative project and the introduction of a new product into production it is necessary to use advanced technologies and modern software, which is an integral part of successful innovation by taking into account the life cycle of innovations. It is proposed to consider the general potential of the enterprise through its main components, namely: production and technological, scientific and technical, financial and economic, personnel and actual innovation potential. Base for the introduction of technological innovations LLC "ALLIANCE- PARTNER", which provides a wide range of support and consulting services, services in the employment market, tourism, insurance, translation and more. To form a model of innovative development of the enterprise, it is advisable to establish the following key aspects: the system of value creation through the model of cooperation with partners and suppliers; creating a value chain; technological platform; infrastructure, determine the cost of supply, the cost of activities for customers and for the enterprise as a whole. The system of factors of influence on formation of model of strategic innovative development of the enterprise is offered. The expediency of the cost of the complex of technological equipment, which is 6800.0 thousand UAH, is economically calculated. Given the fact that the company plans to receive funds under the program of socio-economic development of Sumy region, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovation project, the purchase of technological equipment, it is determined that the payback period of the project is 3 years 10 months. In terms of net present value (NPV), the project under study is profitable. The project profitability index (PI) meets the requirements for a positive decision on project implementation> 1.0. The internal rate of return of the project (IRR) also has a positive value of 22% because it exceeds the discount rate.

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