Total peptide YY is a correlate of postprandial energy expenditure but not of appetite or energy intake in healthy women

Abstract Background Estimated energy requirement (EER) has not been defined for twin pregnancy. This study was designed to determine the EER of healthy women with dichorionic-diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancies. Objectives We aimed to estimate energy deposition from changes in maternal body protein and fat; to measure resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity level (PAL), and total energy expenditure (TEE) throughout pregnancy and postpartum; and to define the EER based on the sum of TEE and energy deposition for twin gestation. Design This is a prospective study of 20 women with DCDA twin gestations. Maternal EER, energy deposition, REE, TEE, and PAL were obtained during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and immediately postpartum. A mixed-effects linear regression model for repeated measures with random intercept was used to test for the effects of BMI groups and time. Results Gains in total body protein (mean ± SD: 2.1 ± 0.7 kg) and fat mass (5.9 ± 2.8 kg) resulted in total energy deposition of 67,042 ± 25,586 kcal between 0 and 30–32 weeks of gestation. REE increased 26% from 1392 ± 162 to 1752 ± 172 kcal/d across the 3 trimesters, whereas TEE increased 17% from 2141 ± 283 to 2515 ± 337 kcal/d. Physical activity decreased steadily throughout pregnancy. Reductions in physical activity did not compensate for the rise in REE and energy deposition, thus requiring an increase in dietary energy intake as pregnancy progressed. EER increased 29% from 2257 ± 325 kcal/d in the first trimester to 2941 ± 407 kcal/d in the second trimester, and stayed consistent at 2906 ± 350 kcal/d in the third trimester. Conclusion Increased energy intake, on average ∼700 kcal/d in the second and third trimesters when compared with the first trimester, is required to support gestational weight gain and the rise in energy expenditure of DCDA twin pregnancies.

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The Effect of a Subcutaneous Infusion of GLP-1, OXM, and PYY on Energy Intake and Expenditure in Obese Volunteers

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2017-00469 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (7) ◽

pp. 2364-2372 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Tricia Tan ◽

Preeshila Behary ◽

George Tharakan ◽

James Minnion ◽

Werd Al-Najim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Subcutaneous Infusion ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

First Time

Abstract Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is currently the most effective treatment of obesity, although limited by availability and operative risk. The gut hormones Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), Peptide YY (PYY), and Oxyntomodulin (OXM) are elevated postprandially after RYGB, which has been postulated to contribute to its metabolic benefits. Objective: We hypothesized that infusion of the three gut hormones to achieve levels similar to those encountered postprandially in RYGB patients might be effective in suppressing appetite. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a continuous infusion of GLP-1, OXM, and PYY (GOP) on energy intake and expenditure in obese volunteers. Methods: Obese volunteers were randomized to receive an infusion of GOP or placebo in a single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study for 10.5 hours a day. This was delivered subcutaneously using a pump device, allowing volunteers to remain ambulatory. Ad libitum food intake studies were performed during the infusion, and energy expenditure was measured using a ventilated hood calorimeter. Results: Postprandial levels of GLP-1, OXM, and PYY seen post RYGB were successfully matched using 4 pmol/kg/min, 4 pmol/kg/min, and 0.4 pmol/kg/min, respectively. This dose led to a mean reduction of 32% in food intake. No significant effects on resting energy expenditure were observed. Conclusion: This is, to our knowledge, the first time that an acute continuous subcutaneous infusion of GOP, replicating the postprandial levels observed after RYGB, is shown to be safe and effective in reducing food intake. This data suggests that triple hormone therapy might be a useful tool against obesity.

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Effects of PYY1–36and PYY3–36on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, glucose and fat metabolism in obese and lean subjects

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (4) ◽

pp. E1062-E1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 140

Author(s):

Birgitte Sloth ◽

Jens Juul Holst ◽

Anne Flint ◽

Nikolaj Ture Gregersen ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Fat Metabolism ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Well Being ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Postprandial Insulin Response ◽

Postprandial Insulin

Peptide YY (PYY)3–36has been shown to produce dramatic reductions in energy intake (EI), but no human data exist regarding energy expenditure (EE), glucose and fat metabolism. Nothing is known regarding PYY1-36. To compare effects of PYY1–36and PYY3–36on appetite, EI, EE, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations, 12 lean and 12 obese males participated in a blinded, randomized, crossover study with 90-min infusions of saline, 0.8 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY1–36and PYY3–36. Only four participants completed PYY3–36infusions because of nausea. Subsequently, six lean and eight obese participants completed 0.2 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY3–36and 1.6 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY1–36infusions. PYY3–36at 0.8 pmol·kg−1·min−1produced reduced EI, lower ratings of well-being, increases in FFA, postprandial glucose (only 0.8 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY3–36) and insulin concentrations, as well as heart rate and EE (only 0.8 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY3–36). PYY1–36at 1.6 pmol·kg−1·min−1produced increased heart rate and postprandial insulin response. Ratings of appetite were opposite with infusions of 0.8 and 1.6 pmol·kg−1·min−1PYY1–36and seemed to depend on subjects being lean or obese. PYY3–36caused increased thermogenesis, lipolysis, postprandial insulin and glucose responses, suggestive of increased sympathoadrenal activity. PYY1–36had no effect on EI and no clear effects on appetite but resulted in increased heart rate and postprandial insulin response. However, highest tolerable dose of PYY1–36was probably not reached in the present study.

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Appetite, energy intake, and PYY3–36 responses to energy-matched continuous exercise and submaximal high-intensity exercise

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0484 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (9) ◽

pp. 947-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Kevin Deighton ◽

Efthimia Karra ◽

Rachel Louise Batterham ◽

David John Stensel

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽

Continuous Exercise ◽

Ad Libitum

High-intensity intermittent exercise induces physiological adaptations similar to energy-matched continuous exercise, but the comparative appetite and energy balance responses are unknown. Twelve healthy males (mean ± SD: age, 22 ± 3 years; body mass index, 23.7 ± 3.0 kg·m−2; maximum oxygen uptake, 52.4 ± 7.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three 8 h trials (control, steady-state exercise (SSE), high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE)) separated by 1 week. Trials commenced upon completion of a standardized breakfast. Exercise was performed from hour 2 to hour 3. In SSE, 60 min of cycling at 59.5% ± 1.6% of maximum oxygen uptake was performed. In HIIE, ten 4-min cycling intervals were completed at 85.8% ± 4.0% of maximum oxygen uptake, with a 2-min rest between each interval. A standardized lunch and an ad libitum afternoon meal were provided at hours 3.75 and 7, respectively. Appetite ratings and peptide YY3–36 concentrations were measured throughout each trial. Appetite was acutely suppressed during exercise, but more so during HIIE (p < 0.05). Peptide YY3–36 concentrations increased significantly upon cessation of exercise in SSE (p = 0.002), but were highest in the hours after exercise in HIIE (p = 0.05). Exercise energy expenditure was not different between HIIE and SSE (p = 0.649), but perceived exertion was higher in HIIE (p < 0.0005). Ad libitum energy intake did not differ between trials (p = 0.833). Therefore, relative energy intake (energy intake minus the net energy expenditure of exercise) was lower in the SSE and HIIE trials than in the control trial (control, 4759 ± 1268 kJ; SSE, 2362 ± 1224 kJ; HIIE, 2523 ± 1402 kJ; p < 0.0005). An acute bout of energy-matched continuous exercise and HIIE were equally effective at inducing an energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite.

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Energy intake over 2 days is unaffected by acute sprint interval exercise despite increased appetite and energy expenditure

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2014-0229 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Kristine Beaulieu ◽

T. Dylan Olver ◽

Kolten C. Abbott ◽

Peter W.R. Lemon

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Fat Loss ◽

Interval Exercise

A cumulative effect of reduced energy intake, increased oxygen consumption, and/or increased lipid oxidation could explain the fat loss associated with sprint interval exercise training (SIT). This study assessed the effects of acute sprint interval exercise (SIE) on energy intake, subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio over 2 days. Eight men (25 ± 3 years, 79.6 ± 9.7 kg, body fat 13% ± 6%; mean ± SD) completed 2 experimental treatments: SIE and recovery (SIEx) and nonexercise control. Each 34-h treatment consisted of 2 consecutive 10-h test days. Between 0800–1800 h, participants remained in the laboratory for 8 breath-by-breath gas collections, 3 buffet-type meals, 14 appetite ratings, and 4 blood samples for appetite-related peptides. Treatment comparisons were made using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA or t tests. An immediate, albeit short-lived (<1 h), postexercise suppression of appetite and increase in peptide YY (PYY) were observed (P < 0.001). However, overall hunger and motivation to eat were greater during SIEx (P < 0.02) without affecting energy intake. Total 34-h oxygen consumption was greater during SIEx (P = 0.04), elicited by the 1491-kJ (22%) greater energy expenditure over the first 24 h (P = 0.01). Despite its effects on oxygen consumption, appetite, and PYY, acute SIE did not affect energy intake. Consequently, if these dietary responses to SIE are sustained with regular SIT, augmentations in oxygen consumption and/or a substrate shift toward increased fat use postexercise are most likely responsible for the observed body fat loss with this type of exercise training.

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Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition on glycemic, gut hormone, triglyceride, energy expenditure, and energy intake responses to fat in healthy males

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00370.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 307 (9) ◽

pp. E830-E837 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gabriella A. Heruc ◽

Michael Horowitz ◽

Carolyn F. Deacon ◽

Christine Feinle-Bisset ◽

Christopher K. Rayner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv ◽

Dpp Iv ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Fat Infusion ◽

Resting Energy

Fat is the most potent stimulus for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. The aims of this study were to determine whether dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition would enhance plasma active incretin [glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GLP-1] concentrations and modulate the glycemic, gut hormone, triglyceride, energy expenditure, and energy intake responses to intraduodenal fat infusion. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, 16 healthy lean males received 50 mg vildagliptin (V), or matched placebo (P), before intraduodenal fat infusion (2 kcal/min, 120 min). Blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon, active GLP-1, and GIP and peptide YY (PYY)-(3–36) concentrations; resting energy expenditure; and energy intake at a subsequent buffet meal (time = 120–150 min) were quantified. Data are presented as areas under the curve (0–120 min, means ± SE). Vildagliptin decreased glycemia (P: 598 ± 8 vs. V: 573 ± 9 mmol·l−1·min−1, P < 0.05) during intraduodenal lipid. This was associated with increased insulin (P: 15,964 ± 1,193 vs. V: 18,243 ± 1,257 pmol·l−1·min−1, P < 0.05), reduced glucagon (P: 1,008 ± 52 vs. V: 902 ± 46 pmol·l−1·min−1, P < 0.05), enhanced active GLP-1 (P: 294 ± 40 vs. V: 694 ± 78 pmol·l−1·min−1) and GIP (P: 2,748 ± 77 vs. V: 4,256 ± 157 pmol·l−1·min−1), and reduced PYY-(3–36) (P: 9,527 ± 754 vs. V: 4,469 ± 431 pM/min) concentrations compared with placebo ( P < 0.05, for all). Vildagliptin increased resting energy expenditure (P: 1,821 ± 54 vs. V: 1,896 ± 65 kcal/day, P < 0.05) without effecting energy intake. Vildagliptin 1) modulates the effects of intraduodenal fat to enhance active GLP-1 and GIP, stimulate insulin, and suppress glucagon, thereby reducing glycemia and 2) increases energy expenditure. These observations suggest that the fat content of a meal, by enhancing GLP-1 and GIP secretion, may contribute to the response to DPP-IV inhibition.

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High-level medium-chain triglyceride feeding and energy expenditure in normal-weight women

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y07-034 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (5) ◽

pp. 507-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Elena Alexandrou ◽

Gene R. Herzberg ◽

Matthew D. White

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Oxidation Rates ◽

Postprandial Energy Expenditure

The objective of this study was to assess how short-term feeding of high levels of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) affect energy expenditure and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in normal-weight, premenopausal women. Eight healthy women were fed both a MCT-rich and an isocaloric long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-rich diet for two 1-week periods separated by a minimum of 21 days. The energy intake in each diet was 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 15% protein. The 2 diets had either 60.81% or 1.11% of total fat energy from MCT with the remaining fat energy intake from LCT. On days 1 and 7 of each diet, resting metabolic rate and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) were measured by indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood. Results indicated on days 1 and 7, there were no significant differences between diets for resting metabolic rate or mean postprandial EE. On both days 1 and 7, fat oxidation for the MCT-rich diet was significantly greater (0.0001 ≤ p ≤ 0.04) than that for the LCT-rich diet at different time points across the 5.5 h postprandial period. In conclusion, for premenopausal, normal-weight women consuming a diet with 25% of the energy content from MCT, there were no changes in resting metabolic rate, transient increases in postprandial energy expenditure, and significant increases in postprandial fat oxidation.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Increased postprandial energy expenditure may explain superior long term weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared to vertical banded gastroplasty.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718006723.793477607 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Beales

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Vertical Banded Gastroplasty ◽

Banded Gastroplasty ◽

Postprandial Energy Expenditure

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Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

SPORT AND SOCIETY ◽

10.36836/2020/1/3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Tatyana Dzimbova

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Young Athletes ◽

Adolescent Athletes ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

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