Gastrointestinal peptides and the adaptation to extrauterine nutrition

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Lucas ◽  
Stephen R. Bloom ◽  
Albert Aynsley Green
Keyword(s):  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Genetic Endowment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Peptides ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Feeding Potential

The adaptation to extrauterine nutrition involves complex physiological changes at birth which may be regulated by genetic endowment; enteral nutrients, secretions, and bacteria; and endogenous hormones and exogenous hormones in breast milk. The hypothesis is explored that enteral feeding after birth may trigger key adaptations in the gut and in metabolism partly through the mediation of gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Gut peptides are found in the early human fetal gut and by the second trimester some are found in high concentrations in the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid. Major plasma hormonal surges occur during the neonatal period in term and preterm infants: notably in enteroglucagon, gastrin, motilin, neurotensin, gastrointestinal peptide, and pancreatic polypeptide. These events do not occur in neonates deprived of enteral feeding. A progressive development of dynamic gut hormonal responses to feeding is observed. The pattern of gut endocrine changes after birth is influenced by the type and route of feeding. Potential pathophysiological effects of depriving high risk neonates of enteral feeding are considered. It is speculated that infants committed to prolonged total parenteral nutrition from birth may benefit from the biological effects of intraluminal nutrients used in subnutritional quantities.

Are the Changes in Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretion Necessary for the Success of Bariatric Surgery? A Critical Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Lampropoulos ◽  
Theodoros Alexandrides ◽  
Stylianos Tsochatzis ◽  
Dimitrios Kehagias ◽  
Ioannis Kehagias
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Review Of The Literature

scholarly journals Role of Bile Acids in the Regulation of Food Intake, and Their Dysregulation in Metabolic Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Cong Xie ◽  
Weikun Huang ◽  
Richard L. Young ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Bile Acid Sequestrants

Bile acids are cholesterol-derived metabolites with a well-established role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. More recently, the discovery of bile acids as natural ligands for the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and the recognition of the effects of FXR and TGR5 signaling have led to a paradigm shift in knowledge regarding bile acid physiology and metabolic health. Bile acids are now recognized as signaling molecules that orchestrate blood glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Changes in FXR and/or TGR5 signaling modulates the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, energy expenditure, and the composition of the gut microbiome. These effects may contribute to the metabolic benefits of bile acid sequestrants, metformin, and bariatric surgery. This review focuses on the role of bile acids in energy intake and body weight, particularly their effects on gastrointestinal hormone secretion, the changes in obesity and T2D, and their potential relevance to the management of metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Determination of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Stems from Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Yeimi Cecilia Vega-Ruiz ◽  
Corina Hayano-Kanashiro ◽  
Nohemí Gámez-Meza ◽  
Luis Angel Medina-Juárez
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
High Concentrations

Jatropha species have been shown to be an important source of secondary metabolites with different biological effects. Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg are distributed in the Northwestern region of Mexico, are adapted to extreme weather conditions and are widely used (stems, leaves, and sap) in traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to carry out the phytochemical characterization and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of stems and leaves from J. cinerea and J. cordata. The compounds present in the extracts of both species were characterized by ESI-IT-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the stem extracts of both species are rich in phenolic acids, while the leaf extracts are rich in flavonoids. Some of the main compounds found were gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, and catechol. Both species showed high concentrations of phenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. J. cordata showed the highest antioxidant capacity and the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. Overall, both Jatropha species are a natural source of antioxidant compounds with potential biotechnological uses.

Glycine-extended gastrin regulates HEK cell growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. R572-R581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinzenz M. Stepan ◽  
Dieter F. Krametter ◽  
Masashi Matsushima ◽  
Andrea Todisco ◽  
John Delvalle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Thymidine Incorporation ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
High Concentrations

Posttranslational processing of progastrin to a carboxy terminally amidated form (G-NH2) is essential for its effect on gastric acid secretion and other biological effects mediated by gastrin/CCK-B receptors. The immediate biosynthetic precursor of G-NH2, glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly), does not stimulate gastric acid secretion at physiological concentrations but is found in high concentrations during development. G-NH2 and G-Gly have potent growth stimulatory effects on gastrointestinal tissues, and G-NH2 can stimulate proliferation of human kidney cells. Thus we sought to explore the actions of G-NH2 and G-Gly on the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293. HEK 293 cells showed specific binding sites for 125I-labeled Leu15-G17-NH2and125I-Leu15-G2—17-Gly. Both G-NH2 and G-Gly induced a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation, and both peptides together significantly increased [3H]thymidine incorporation above the level of either peptide alone. G-NH2 and G-Gly were detected by radioimmunoassay in serum-free conditioned media. Antibodies directed against G-NH2 and G-Gly lead to a significant reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation. G-NH2 but not G-Gly increased intracellular Ca2+concentration. We conclude that G-NH2 and G-Gly act cooperatively via distinct receptors to stimulate the growth of a nongastrointestinal cell line (HEK 293) in an autocrine fashion.

scholarly journals Fate in Soil of Flavonoids Released from White Clover (Trifolium repensL.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra C. K. Carlsen ◽  
Hans A. Pedersen ◽  
Niels H. Spliid ◽  
Inge S. Fomsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Flavonoid Aglycones ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
First Time

White clover is frequently used as a leguminous cover crop, serving as green manure, and is also included with grasses in cattle feed mixtures. Numerous biological effects reported for clover cultivation have been attributed to the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Thus far the presence in soil of bioactive secondary metabolites from clover has received limited attention. In this paper we examine for the first time the release of flavonoids both from field-grown white clover and from soil-incorporated white clover plants of flavonoids, as analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The dominant flavonoid aglycones were formononetin, medicarpin, and kaempferol. Soil-incorporated white clover plants generated high concentrations of the glycosides kaempferol-Rha-Xyl-Gal and quercetin-Xyl-Gal. Substantial amounts of kaempferol persisted in the soil for days while the other compounds were degraded faster. These compounds should be considered in future studies of soil fatigue, allelopathic activity, and possible environmental risks from extended clover cultivation.

scholarly journals Postprandial Nutrient Handling and Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretion After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass vs Sleeve Gastrectomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 1627-1641.e1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Svane ◽  
Kirstine N. Bojsen-Møller ◽  
Christoffer Martinussen ◽  
Carsten Dirksen ◽  
Jan L. Madsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone

scholarly journals Differential Activation of Insulin Receptor Substrates 1 and 2 by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Activated Insulin Receptors

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 3569-3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Denley ◽  
Julie M. Carroll ◽  
Gemma V. Brierley ◽  
Leah Cosgrove ◽  
John Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Igf I ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Kinase Pathway

ABSTRACT The insulin-like growth factors (insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I] and IGF-II) exert important effects on growth, development, and differentiation through the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) transmembrane tyrosine kinase. The insulin receptor (IR) is structurally related to the IGF-IR, and at high concentrations, the IGFs can also activate the IR, in spite of their generally low affinity for the latter. Two mechanisms that facilitate cross talk between the IGF ligands and the IR at physiological concentrations have been described. The first of these is the existence of an alternatively spliced IR variant that exhibits high affinity for IGF-II as well as for insulin. A second phenomenon is the ability of hybrid receptors comprised of IGF-IR and IR hemireceptors to bind IGFs, but not insulin. To date, however, direct activation of an IR holoreceptor by IGF-I at physiological levels has not been demonstrated. We have now found that IGF-I can function through both splice variants of the IR, in spite of low affinity, to specifically activate IRS-2 to levels similar to those seen with equivalent concentrations of insulin or IGF-II. The specific activation of IRS-2 by IGF-I through the IR does not result in activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway but does induce delayed low-level activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and biological effects such as enhanced cell viability and protection from apoptosis. These findings suggest that IGF-I can function directly through the IR and that the observed effects of IGF-I on insulin sensitivity may be the result of direct facilitation of insulin action by IGF-I costimulation of the IR in insulin target tissues.

Gastrointestinal hormone secretion after surgery in neonates with congenital intestinal anomalies during starvation and introduction of enteral nutrition

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1602-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sharman-Koendjbiharie ◽  
M Piena-Spoel ◽  
W.P.M Hopman ◽  
M.J.I.J Albers ◽  
J.B.M.J Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteral Nutrition ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone

RELATIONSHIP OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA GROWTH TO SEDIMENT OIL CONTENT FOLLOWING AN OIL SPILL

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve K. Alexander ◽  
James W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salt Marsh Sediments ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

ABSTRACT A single spill of crude oil in a salt marsh is generally considered to have limited biological effects. A crude oil spill in Dickinson Bayou (in the Galveston Bay system of Texas) in January 1984 provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis in salt marshes exposed to varying amounts of oil. Growth of Spartina alterniflora was unaffected in light to moderately oiled sediments (less than 5 mg oil/g sediment). However, growth was significantly reduced in sediments with high oil content (5 to 51 mg/g) through 18 months. Erosion of shoreline areas with high oil content was evident by 16 months and continued through 32 months. These results demonstrate the adverse effect of high concentrations of crude oil in salt marsh sediments. Each crude oil spill must be evaluated individually with regard to the likelihood of significant accumulation of oil in sediments before a decision is made regarding a cleanup response.

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