THE AEROBIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA (GN.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Hemlock Looper

A study was made of healthy hemlock loopers (Lambdina fiscellaria Gn.) to determine whether a specific bacterial flora is associated with this insect. Larvae, pupae, adults, and eggs were examined by a number of methods and the bacteria found were cultured and classified. Organisms belonging to nine genera of bacteria were isolated and they were principally of foliage-contaminating or soil types that could be ingested with the insects' food. Few of the ingested bacteria survive the digestive process. It is concluded that the bacterial flora is adventitious.

Characterization of the Soil Hydromorphic Conditions in a Paludified Dunefield during the Mid-Holocene Hemlock Decline near Québec City, Québec

1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najat Bhiry ◽  
Louise Filion
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Hemlock Decline ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Hemlock Looper

The mid-Holocene eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis L. (Carr.)] decline has been recently attributed to the activity of insect defoliators. N. Bihiry and L. Filion, Quaternary Research 45,312–320 (1996). In this study, soil hydromorphic conditions were investigated for the period 6800–3200 yr B.P. using micromorphological data from a peat section from a swale in a paludified dunefield in southern Québec. After a short period of plant colonization in shallow pools between 6800 and 6400 yr B.P., mesic conditions predominated in the interdune before the decline (6400–4900 yr B.P.), as evidenced by strong bioturbation and abundance of excrements from the soil fauna. During the decline, a shift from mesic to wet conditions occurred (4900–4100 yr B.P.), although xeric to mesic conditions persisted on dune ridges until at least 4200 yr B.P. Wetness culminated when beaver occupied the site (4100–3750 yr B.P.). Hemlock needles with chewing damage typical of hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) feeding were identified at levels dated 4900, 4600, and 4200 yr B.P., respectively, implying that the hemlock decline was associated with at least three defoliation events. The ca. 400-yr interval between these events likely represents the time required for this late-sucessional tree species to recover.

An inexpensive medium for mass fermentation production of Entomophaga aulicae hyphal bodies competent to form conidia

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Hyphal Bodies ◽  
Hyphal Body ◽  
Hemlock Looper ◽  
Single Medium

A mass fermentation medium for growth and morphogenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga aulicae was developed. This fungus is a major pathogen of larval eastern hemlock looper and spruce budworm. The medium consists of a basal medium plus 0.8% tryptic soy broth and 0.4% calcium caseinate. This medium is a major breakthrough in that (i) the E. aulicae developmental sequence from protoplast inoculum to hyphal bodies competent to form conidia can be carried out in a single medium without adjustment, (ii) by examining the fermentation product it can be determined if conidia can be produced prior to engaging in costly field spraying, (iii) this medium supports the growth of E. aulicae isolates from different geographical areas, (iv) the medium is relatively inexpensive, (v) the hyphal bodies are easily separated from the spent growth medium, and (vi) the hyphal body yield is high.Key words: Entomophaga aulicae, mass fermentation medium, hyphal bodies, conidia, insect biocontrol.

AN EXTRACTION METHOD FOR RAPID SAMPLING OF EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER EGGS, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1511-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre S. Otvos ◽  
David G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Rapid Sampling ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Counting Time ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractSoaking shredded moss and birch bark samples in a 2% bleach solution for 45 minutes will release attached hemlock looper eggs. Soaking has no deleterious effect on the hatching of larvae or the emergence of parasites. This technique, in contrast to direct examination, results in a significant increase in the number of eggs obtained and a decrease in counting time. It also permits the development of egg sampling techniques for use over extensive areas and the collection of eggs in large numbers.

scholarly journals Correlation between histomorphometric changes and the type of aerobic bacteria isolated in chronic suppurative otitis media

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Emilija Zivkovic-Marinkov ◽  
Milan Stankovic ◽  
Dragan Mihailovic ◽  
Mila Bojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media

Background/Aim. Bacterial flora is a very important factor in pathogenesis of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and significantly influences the type and intensity of osteolytic process. There are few histomorphometric investigations of middle ear mucosa in chronic otitis. The aim of this study was to identify aerobic bacteria responsible for chronic suppurative otitis media as well as their association with histomorphometric changes of middle ear mucosa. Methods. A prospective study that comprised 153 patients treated in the Clinc for Ear, Thorat and Nose Diseases, Nis, was conducted. Bacteriologic analysis of diseased ear secretion was carried out in all patients. Intraoperatively removed granulation tissue was used for histomorphometry. The analysed parameters were: the number of inflammatory cells, as well as vascularization and vasodilatation. Results. The most frequently isolated aerobic bacteria from chronic suppurative otitis media were Staphylococcus aureus (29.02%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.02%) and Proteus spp. (21.76%). There was no correlation between the type of pathologic process and the type of bacteria.The number of inflammatory cells in the granulation tissue in pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus was 1,597.33 ? 549.45 and in Pseudomonas auriginosa cultures was 2,639 ? 648. Conclusion. This study showed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the number of inflammatory cells in the granulation tissue and the type of aerobic bacteria we isolated. The intensity of the infection in chronic suppurative otitis media depends on the type of the isolated bacteria, which emphasizes the importance of adequate preoperative antimicrobial therapy.

EFFICACY OF AERIAL APPLICATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND TEBUFENOZIDE AGAINST THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. West ◽  
D. Thompson ◽  
K.M.S. Sundaram ◽  
A. Sundaram ◽  
A. Retnakaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Hormone Analog ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Hemlock Looper ◽  
Poor Efficacy

AbstractThe formulated product of the insect-molting hormone analog, tebufenozide (MIMIC 240LV), and two aqueous formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, ABG6387 and ABG6414, were aerially applied over prethinned commercial stands of balsam fir infested with the eastern hemlock looper. MIMIC® was applied once at the rate of 65.1 g active ingredient (ai) in 1.86 L/ha and twice at the rate of 33.4–35.4 g ai in 1.91–2.02 L/ha. The formulations of B. thuringiensis were applied twice at rates of 19.3–24.1 billion International Units (BIU) in 1.54–1.93 L/ha for ABG6387 and 33.2–36.0 BIU in 1.67–1.80 L/ha for ABG6414.Nine of the 10 plots treated with the single application of MIMIC showed reductions resulting from treatment, ranging from 3 to 93% within 9–11 days and 8 to 100% after 3 weeks. Plots treated twice with the lower dosage of MIMIC generally had larval population reductions of over 50% within 9–11 days of treatment and over 60% 3 weeks after treatment. For both treatments with MIMIC, plots with poor efficacy were clearly associated with low foliar deposition of the active ingredient. Overall, the results suggest that deposits of tebufenozide of less than 1.5 μg/g foliage do not give acceptable control of hemlock looper. Pupal population reductions resulting from treatment ranged from 8 to 99% for plots treated with the single application and 76 to 100% for plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Ground assessments of defoliation occurring after treatment ranged from 10 to 51% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 16% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated once, and 1 to 33% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 8% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Thirty-five to 65% of year-old foliage and 15–39% of current-year foliage was defoliated in untreated check plots.Reductions resulting from treatment by ABG6387 ranged from 27 to 91% 10 days after the first application, from 73 to 99% 8 days after the second application, and from 90 to 100% for pupae. Plots treated with ABG6414 had larval population reductions from 76 to 93% 10 days after the first application and from 98 to 100% 7 days after the second application. No pupae were recovered in the plots treated with ABG6414. Defoliation assessed from ground level was less than 5% in the plots treated with ABG6387 and ABG6414 compared with defoliation of 10–29% of year-old foliage and 8–12% defoliation of current-year foliage in the check plots.

EFFICACY OF OIL-BASED FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST THE HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUEN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. West ◽  
A.G. Raske ◽  
A. Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractOil-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki, Dipel 132, Dipel 176, and Dipel 264, were aerially applied at rates of 1.18–2.36 L/ha over five 30-ha plots in a balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., forest in efficacy tests against the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), in Newfoundland. Double applications of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) per hectare of each formulation and single applications of 40 BIU per hectare of Dipel 176 and Dipel 264 were tested. Larval population reductions of more than 95% and no defoliation of old or new foliage were observed in the plots receiving double applications and in the plot treated with a single application of Dipel 264. Larval numbers were reduced by 85% and defoliation was 4% in the plot treated once with Dipel 176.These treatments were applied against low to moderate larval populations, and their success was attributed to excellent spray coverage and early application when 50% or more of the larvae were still in their first instar.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND LIPID CONTENT OF LATE LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary B. Dunphy ◽  
Kevin M. W. Keough ◽  
Richard A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractA total of 14 known fatty acids and one unknown fatty acid were detected in the third instar, fourth instar, prepupa, and female and male pupae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria. The C8:0,3 C10:0, C22:1, and C24:0 fatty acids and an unknown fatty acid were not detected in the third instar larvae, and the unknown was also absent from the fourth instar larvae. The C24:0 fatty acid was absent from the prepupae and both the male and female pupae. The C22:1 fatty acid was absent from the prepupae. Otherwise, developmental stages contained the C8:0, C10:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3,C20:0, C20:1, C22:0, C22:1, and the C24:0 fatty acids and the unknown fatty acid. In general, the level of a given fatty acid decreased with succeeding developmental stages. The lipid level was also determined for each developmental stage.

scholarly journals Bacteriology of fresh water: III. The types of bacteria present in lakes and streams and their relationship to the bacterial flora of soil

1942 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Litmus Milk ◽  
Solid Media

1. Approximately 800 cultures of bacteria have been isolated from samples of water taken from lakes and from some of their inflowing waters. The morphology and Gram-staining reaction of the cultures have been determined together with the reactions in nutrient gelatin, dextrose broth, nitrate broth, and litmus milk.2. Many organisms grew poorly on artificial media, and were unable to grow in either dextrose or nitrate broth. In general the cultures showed weak physiological activity, particularly in litmus milk and in dextrose, though gelatin liquefaction was fairly common. Colonies produced on solid media were frequently pigmented, shades of yellow being particularly common. A significant feature was that most of the bacteria (95%) were rod-shaped, and though many cultures showed considerable variation in cell length and were consequently difficult to classify, short rods were in general more prevalent than long. Coccus forms made up less than 1 % of the toal number considered.3. When the cultures were grouped according to their biochemical activities no consistent differences were observed between the types from near the surface and from near the bottom of a lake, nor between the lake and the inflow, but differences were observed in samples taken from the same lake on different occasions. Some types were common to both the lake and the inflows, while others occurred in only one of those habitats. Some types were found both near the surface of the lake and near the bottom, whilst others were confined to one depth.4. A comparison of the types of bacteria isolated from waters with those found by other workers in soils shows that the main difference in the bacterial flora is the absence in water of the Gram-positive pleomorphic forms of the generaMycobacteriumandCorynebacteriumand ofBact. globiformeConn.;, all of which are common in soils of very widely different agricultural types.5. In the discussion it is pointed out that, in common with soil types bacteria isolated from water cannot be adequately classified by the usual tests in carbohydrates; in dextrose broth, for instance, the reaction is often only a slight change inpH value.

Interactions Between Some Tubificid Oligochaetes and Bacteria Found in the Sediments of Toronto Harbour, Ontario

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wavre ◽  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Physical Proximity ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Nutrient Agar Medium

Three species of tubificid oligochaetes and seven heterotrophic aerobic bacteria were identified from the sediment of Toronto Harbour, Ontario. The relative abundance of the identifiable bacteria present in the mud and in the worm feces voided after 18 hr was established using nutrient agar medium. The results indicated a reduction in the relative abundance of bacteria by about 72% and a reduction in the variety of bacteria in the feces as opposed to those detected in the mud. After a starvation period of approximately 1 week, only one type of bacteria was detected in the feces and guts of the worms, whereas all seven were shown to be ingested at one time or another. The surviving bacterium was different in each tubificid species, but Aeromonas sp. was seen to replace this surviving species on some occasions in all three species of worm. The results suggest that the fraction of the bacterial flora investigated forms a part of the diet of tubificids, and that differences between worm species in relation to their use of those bacteria may help to explain the survival of a number of morphologically unspecialized sediment-feeding species in close physical proximity to each other.

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