Limb regeneration in adult amphibia

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Scadding
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Regenerative Ability

This paper reports a histological analysis of limb regeneration capacity in 20 species of amphibians. These data, along with a survey of other species reported in the literature, are used as a basis for the following generalizations. (1) Limb regeneration in the amphibians is not an all-or-none process, but regenerative capacity covers a continuum from normal regeneration to total absence of regenerative ability. (2) In adult anurans, regenerative outgrowth is common in discoglossids and pipids, occurs frequently in hylids, rarely in ranids, and has never been reported in bufonids. In the anurans, there is no correlation between size and regenerative capacity. (3) In the urodeles, limb regeneration capacity is correlated with size. Urodele species with a mean snout–vent length over 100 mm regenerate heteromorphically or not at all. Those under 75 mm regenerate consistently normally. Those species of intermediate size give variable responses to limb amputation, and may regenerate normally, heteromorphically, or not at all. Hypotheses that might explain differences in regenerative ability are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Gene Expression During Early Phases of Limb Regeneration Between Regeneration-permissive Neotenic and Regeneration-deficient Metamorphic Axolotl

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Sibai ◽  
Ebru Altuntaş ◽  
Barış Ethem Süzek ◽  
Betül Şahin ◽  
Cüneyd Parlayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Blastema Formation ◽  
Early Phases

ABSTRACTThe axolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum) salamander, an urodele amphibian, has an exceptional regenerative capacity to fully restore an amputated limb throughout the life-long lasting neoteny. By contrast, when axolotls are experimentally induced to metamorphosis, attenuation of the limb’s regenerative competence is noticeable. Here, we sought to discern the proteomic profiles of the early stages of blastema formation of neotenic and metamorphic axolotls after limb amputation by means of LC-MS/MS technology. We quantified a total of 714 proteins having an adjusted p < 0.01 with FC greater or equal to 2 between two conditions. Principal component analysis revealed a conspicuous clustering between neotenic and metamorphic samples at 7 days post-amputation. Different set of proteins was identified as differentially expressed at all of the time points (1, 4, and 7 days post-amputations against day0) for neotenic and metamorphic stages. Although functional enrichment analyses underline the presence of common pathways between regenerative and nonregenerative stages, cell proliferation and its regulation associated pathways, immune system related pathways and muscle tissue and ECM remodeling and degradation pathways were represented at different rate between both stages. To validate the proteomics results and provide evidence for the putative link between immune system activity and regenerative potential, qRT-PCR for selected genes was performed.

scholarly journals Differential Regenerative Capacity of the Optic Tectum of Adult Medaka and Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Shimizu ◽  
Takashi Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Stab Wound ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Injured Area ◽  
Brain Regeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regenerative Ability

Zebrafish have superior regenerative capacity in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to mammals. In contrast, medaka were shown to have low regenerative capacity in the adult heart and larval retina, despite the well-documented high tissue regenerative ability of teleosts. Nevertheless, medaka and zebrafish share similar brain structures and biological features to those of mammals. Hence, this study aimed to compare the neural stem cell (NSC) responses and regenerative capacity in the optic tectum of adult medaka and zebrafish after stab wound injury. Limited neuronal differentiation was observed in the injured medaka, though the proliferation of radial glia (RG) was induced in response to tectum injury. Moreover, the expression of the pro-regenerative transcriptional factors ascl1a and oct4 was not enhanced in the injured medaka, unlike in zebrafish, whereas expression of sox2 and stat3 was upregulated in both fish models. Of note, glial scar-like structures composed of GFAP+ radial fibers were observed in the injured area of medaka at 14 days post injury (dpi). Altogether, these findings suggest that the adult medaka brain has low regenerative capacity with limited neuronal generation and scar formation. Hence, medaka represent an attractive model for investigating and evaluating critical factors for brain regeneration.

Role of prostaglandins in amphibian limb regeneration

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Steven R. Scadding
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Notophthalmus Viridescens ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Histological Appearance

Following limb amputation in the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), the animals were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.1 or 1.0 mg of either indomethacin or acetylsalicylic acid. This had no observable influence on the rate or extent of limb regeneration or the histological appearance of the regenerating limb when compared with controls. Following limb amputation in toads (Bufo americanus), the limb stumps were injected daily for the first 15 days after amputation with 5 μg of either prostaglandin E1 or prostaglandin E2. Neither of these treatments had any observed effect on subsequent wound healing of the limbs when compared with controls. These observations suggest that prostaglandins do not play a major role in control of amphibian limb regeneration.

Measuring the Costs of Limb Regeneration and Their Transgenerational Consequences in Two Nearctic Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1780-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Michaud ◽  
Ahmed H Abdelwahab ◽  
Mohamed H Bayoumy ◽  
S S Awadalla ◽  
M El-Gendy
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Lady Beetles ◽  
Regenerative Ability ◽  
Second Clutch ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Parental Mating

Abstract We examined the ability of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville to regenerate, during pupation, a foreleg amputated in the fourth instar. Leg regeneration was complete for 80.7% of amputated H. convergens larvae, with 12.5% regenerating partially, and 6.8% showing no regeneration. Regeneration in C. maculata was 72.2% complete, 20.5% partial, and 7.2% none, but mortality following ablation was slightly higher than for H. convergens (7.4 vs. 0.6%). Ablation/regeneration caused a slight delay in pupation, but pupation time, fresh mass at emergence, and reproductive performance remained unaffected in either species. Reciprocal crosses were made between regenerated and unoperated beetles, and 12 progeny reared from the second clutch of each female in all treatments. Mating treatment affected eclosion time in H. convergens, whereas in C. maculata, larval development and pupation time were also affected. Considering all treatments, larval mortality was higher in H. convergens than in C. maculata, but lower when both H. convergens parents regenerated. Parental mating treatment did not affect adult weight in either species, but development of C. maculata progeny was faster when only the sire regenerated, and slower when the only the dame regenerated, whereas progeny of regenerated sires completed pupated faster than those sired by controls. We infer that genes activated during regeneration have pleiotropic effects with subtle, gender-specific, epigenetic consequences. If these pleiotropic effects are genetically linked to important traits, regenerative genetic elements could be conserved in coccinellids via natural selection acting on these traits, rather than on regenerative ability per se.

scholarly journals First observations of hermaphroditism in the patellid limpet Patella piperata Gould, 1846

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615-1620
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sousa ◽  
Paulo Henriques ◽  
Joana Vasconcelos ◽  
Graça Faria ◽  
Rodrigo Riera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Shell Length ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Sequential Hermaphroditism ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
Management And Conservation

AbstractHermaphroditism is thought to be an advantageous strategy common in marine molluscs that exhibit simultaneous, sequential or alternating hermaphroditism. Several species of patellid limpets have previously been shown to be protandrous hermaphrodites. The present study aimed to confirm whether this phenomenon occurs in Patella piperata. Transitional forms of simultaneous protandrous hermaphroditism were found in intermediate size classes of P. piperata, in Madeira (North-eastern Atlantic). Sequential hermaphroditism was confirmed after histological analysis. The overall sex-ratio was biased towards females but approached similar proportions in the larger size classes. Analysis of size at sex change showed that at a shell length of 36 mm 50% of the population probably have changed sex. The results reported confirm the occurrence of sequential hermaphroditism. These findings are of utmost importance to the understanding of the reproductive biology of this species with direct effect on management and conservation of this traditionally harvested limpet.

scholarly journals Limb Regeneration in Axolotl: Is It Superhealing?

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Roy ◽  
Mathieu Lévesque
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Multiple Structures

The ability of axolotls to regenerate their limbs is almost legendary. In fact, urodeles such as the axolotl are the only vertebrates that can regenerate multiple structures like their limbs, jaws, tail, spinal cord, and skin (the list goes on) throughout their lives. It is therefore surprising to realize, although we have known of their regenerative potential for over 200 years, how little we understand the mechanisms behind this achievement of adult tissue morphogenesis. Many observations can be drawn between regeneration and other disciplines such as development and wound healing. In this review, we present new developments in functional analysis that will help to address the role of specific genes during the process of regeneration. We also present an analysis of the resemblance between wound healing and regeneration, and discuss whether axolotls are superhealers. A better understanding of these animals' regenerative capacity could lead to major benefits by providing regenerative medicine with directions on how to develop therapeutic approaches leading to regeneration in humans.

scholarly journals Association of marine Collagen/Biosilicate composites and photobiomodulation in the process of bone healing using an experimental model of calvarial defect

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e8610816498
Author(s):  
Giovanna Caroline Aparecida do Vale ◽  
Kelly Rossetti Fernandes ◽  
Julia Risso Parisi ◽  
Alan de França Santana ◽  
Matheus de Almeida Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Calvarial Defect ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Over Time

The study comparing the bone regenerative capacity in an experimental model of cranial bone defects in rats, into 3 groups: G1: bone defects irradiated with photobiomodulation; G2: Biosilicate + photobiomodulation and G3: Biosilicate and Spongin + photobiomodulation. Histocompatibility and bone responses were performed after 15 and 45 days of implantation. Histological analysis demonstrated that photobiomodulation irradiated animals presented an increased amount of newly formed over time. Histomorphometry showed higher values for bone volume for G3 and G1, higher values for osteoid volume and number of osteoblasts observed for G3 compared to G2. TGF-β immunolabelling was higher for G2. The values found for VEGF were higher for biosilicate (with or without spongin) 15 days of implantation with an increased difference being observed for G1, 45 days after surgery. In conclusion, the stimulus provided by photobiomodulation associated to the biomimetic composite increased bone formation in the cranial bone defect in rats. Consequently, these data highlight the potential of the introduction of spongin into biosilicate and irradiated with photobiomodulation to improve the biological performance for bone regeneration applications.

Activities of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and catecholamine production in the spinal cord of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum during forelimb regeneration

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Scaps ◽  
François Bernet ◽  
Jean Gautron ◽  
Bénoni Boilly
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Molecular Weight Form

Amputation of an axolotl limb causes severance of the brachial nerves, followed by their regeneration into a blastema. It is known that these nerves provide a neurotophic factor to blastemal cells. To approach the problem of the response of spinal cord nerve centers to forelimb amputation, we have studied biosynthetic activities in the nerve centers involved in axonal injury during limb regeneration. We report that the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the spinal cord is elevated 2 days (+ 69%) and 7 days (+ 28%) after limb amputation compared with levels in unamputated control animals, but is not significantly elevated at 3 h or 15 days. The percentages of slow (3.6 S and 6.0 S) and fast (18 S) sedimenting forms of AChE progressively decrease 2 and 7 days after amputation, while those of intermediate sedimenting forms (10.5 S and 14.0 S) increase. Fifteen days after amputation, lower molecular weight forms return to the control level, but the heavy molecular weight form of AChE is absent as at 7 days; consequently intermediate molecular weight forms are in a greater proportion than the other two forms. Choline acetyltransferase activity was measured only 2 days after amputation (when AChE was at its highest level). It increases by about 34% with regard to the controls. Adrenaline is higher than controls 2 days after amputation, while noradrenaline is not significantly modified. The metabolic changes observed in the spinal cord during limb regeneration probably are the result of a general reaction to the stress of amputation (transection of brachial nerves) and regeneration of nerve fibers, since similar metabolic activities were observed after a simple denervation of the two unamputated forelimbs.Key words: acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, catecholamines, regeneration, axolotl.

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