SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN LEVELS IN NORMAL INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-584
Author(s):  
O. Orlandini T. ◽  
A. Sass-Kortsak ◽  
J. H. Ebbs
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Decay Curve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Breast Fed

Changes of serum gamma globulin levels with age are described in a group of 140 normal infants from birth to 2 years of age. The mean cord blood level of gamma globulin is significantly higher than the level in the mother's blood. This relation is, however, by no means constant in the individual pairs, as one-third of the 28 pairs showed the opposite relationship. The gamma globulin level drops soon after birth, reaching about one-third of the birth value at 1 month of age. After very little change between 1 and 3 months, the levels start to rise and adult values are closely approximated by 2 years of age. Breast-fed newborns show as rapid a decrease in gamma globulin levels as do artificially fed newborns. Colostrum does not, therefore, seem to contribute significantly to the serum gamma globulin levels in humans. The above described changes in serum gamma globulin levels with age appear to be different in direction, timing, and extent, from changes observed in the other serum protein fractions. The decrease of serum gamma globulin in the first month of life has the characteristics of a simple exponential decay. Comparison of this decay curve with that of passively acquired antibodies, and consideration of available data on gamma globulin turnover rates, warrant the hypothesis that there is practically no gamma globulin formation in the first month of life.

NEONATAL THYROIDOLOGY: CORRELATIONS OF PBI, TBG, BONE AGE AND GROWTH

1966 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian Lindegren ◽  
Paul Starr
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Umbilical cord and serial venous PBI, cholesterol, TBG, and TBPA measurements were made on 300 human infants; x-ray for bone age, height age and weight age, clinical and neurological evaluations were done at birth; at 3 months 128 mothers and babies returned for these tests; and at 6 months only 52 returned. The results show an extreme range of PBI values in both mothers and babies; no correlation between the PBI of the baby and the mothers; no correlation between the umbilical cord PBI and TBG or TBPA, or the sum of these. At 3 months the babies' mean PBI and range of PBI was of the same magnitude as in the cord blood but there was no correlation between the individual values at birth and 3 months. The mean serum cholesterol in the cord blood was 90.5 mg/100 ml and 181.0 mg/100 ml at 3 months. In two thirds of the 49 infants in whom PBI values were recorded at birth and at 3 and 6 months; the variation between the lowest and highest value was frequently two or three fold. The distal femoral epiphyses were smaller in infants whose umbilical vein serum PBI concentration was less than 5 μg/100 ml as compared to those with higher PBI's. But, at three months of age, the serum PBI relationships were frequently reversed and the bone age appeared normal. Finally, at six months of age there was no consistent quantitative relationship between the serum PBI value, height age, and bone age. Fourteen children were suspected of hypothyroidism; two of 52 at six months of age were finally put on maintenance treatment with thyroxine.

On the capture of interstellar matter by stars

1940 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. d'E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Radial Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Compelling Reason ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capture Radius

The derivation given by Hoyle and Lyttleton for an accretion formula proposed by them is examined. A number of arguments against its validity are put forward, especially that on the one hand their capture radius depends on the theorem that if the velocity of certain masses of gas after collision is less than the velocity of escape at the point, they will not in fact escape, while on the other hand it is clear (and is now admitted) that the gas cannot in fact move with this velocity at all. It is also shown that since, ex hypothesi, the individual molecules will all, on the average, retain their hyperbolic velocities, there is not the compelling reason for their capture that there appeared to be in Hoyle and Lyttleton's argument, where only the mean radial velocity of the centre of gravity of the mass was considered. Further, it seems improbable that the temperature of the interstellar matter can be low enough for the initial assumptions of their theory to hold.

EFFECT OF AMPICILLIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE EXCRETION OF TWELVE OESTROGENS IN PREGNANCY URINE

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Adlercreutz ◽  
F. Martin ◽  
M. J. Tikkanen ◽  
M. Pulkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
Pregnancy Urine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The excretion of twelve oestrogens in urine, pooled daily from a group of pregnant women, was determined before, during and after ampicillin administration (2 g/day, for 3 days). On the second day of ampicillin administration total oestrogen excretion fell to 67 % of the mean control value, oestriol excretion to 69% and that of the other eleven individual oestrogens to an average of 62 % of the mean control values. In general, on the third day of treatment and on the two post-treatment days this decrease tended to be corrected. The patterns of change in the urinary levels of the individual metabolites provided no clear lead to the basic mechanism of ampicillin impairment of oestrogen excretion. However, as the drug affected all their excretion in more or less the same way as it did that of oestriol, it is possible that ampicillin interferes primarily with their enterohepatic circulation in the mother as has been established with reasonable certainty in the case of oestriol.

From individual to collective vigilance in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Quenette ◽  
Jean-François Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Variability ◽  
Proximate Causation ◽  
Vigilance Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Vigilance behaviour of captive wild boars at feeding points was investigated using films. Results show that individual vigilance decreased with increasing group size, especially between solitary individuals and groups of 2. Moreover, the collective vigilance was, whatever the group size, below the individual vigilance in solitary animals. The study of the motor variability of vigilance behaviour allows three types of movement to be distinguished. The mean durations of each type vary largely, but are almost constant whatever the group size. On the other hand, the relative proportions of the vigilance acts change according to group size. Although previous studies of vigilance are in keeping with the functional approach of behaviour, these data are interpreted in terms of proximate causation. A mechanism based on allelomimesis is proposed to explain the results.

Individual EPSPs produced by single triceps surae Ia afferent fibers in homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Scott ◽  
L. M. Mendell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
The Other ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Relative Location ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Epsp Amplitude ◽  
Ia Afferent ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

1. The individual EPSPs evoked by the action of single Ia fibers from cat triceps surae (MG, LG, SOL) were recorded in homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons innervating these same three muscles. 2. In general, Ia fibers projected to a greater percentage of homonymous than heteronymous motoneurons. One class of Ia afferent evoked EPSPs in virtually all homonymous motoneurons; the other had a substantially lower projection frequency. Possible difficulties introduced by the limited resolution of the averaging technique are discussed. 3. Individual EPSPs were larger on the average if evoked a) in SOL rather than in MG or LG motoneurons, b) by LG rather than by MG or SOL afferent fibers, or c) in homonymous rather than in heteronymous motoneurons. The mean EPSP was larger in homonymous than in heteronymous motoneurons because the largest EPSPs (greater than 150 muV) were found mainly in homonymous motoneurons. 4. Rise times of EPSPs were only slightly shorter in homonymous than in heteronymous motoneurons, suggesting that other factors besides relative location of Ia terminals account for the observed EPSP amplitude differences. Rise times in SOL motoneurons were longer than those in MG or LG. 5. LG afferent fibers tended to produce larger EPSPs in rostral than in caudal LG motoneurons, and MG afferents produced larger EPSPs in caudal than in rostral MG motoneurons. These spatial effects were in accord with the more rostral entry of LG than MG Ia afferents into the spinal cord. The differential projection of SOL afferents to MG and SOL motoneurons which overlap spatially in the spinal cord suggests a species specificity in addition to a location specificity.

scholarly journals The pleasure of multiple images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aenne A. Brielmann ◽  
Denis G. Pelli
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Central Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Linear Transform ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTHow many pleasures can you track? In a previous study, we showed that people can simultaneously track the pleasure they experience from two images. Here, we push further, probing the individual and combined pleasures felt from seeing four images in one glimpse. Participants (N = 25) viewed 36 images spanning the entire range of pleasure. Each trial presented an array of four images, one in each quadrant of the screen, for 200 ms. On 80% of the trials, a central line cue pointed, randomly, at some screen corner either before (precue) or after (postcue) the images were shown. The cue indicated which image (the target) to rate while ignoring the others (distractors). On the other 20% of trials, an X cue requested a rating of the combined pleasure of all four images. Later, for baseline reference, we obtained a single-pleasure rating for each image shown alone. When precued, participants faithfully reported the pleasure of the target. When postcued, however, the mean ratings of images that are intensely pleasurable when seen alone (pleasure >4.5 on a 1–9 scale) dropped below baseline. Regardless of cue timing, the rating of the combined pleasure of four images was a linear transform of the average baseline pleasures of all four images. Thus, while people can faithfully track two pleasures, they cannot track four. Instead, the pleasure of otherwise above-medium-pleasure images is diminished, mimicking the effect of a distracting task.

scholarly journals Oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hym.; Scelionidae) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem.; Coreidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wiedemann ◽  
C. R. Canto-Silva ◽  
H. P. Romanowski ◽  
L. R. Redaelli
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Adult Parasitoid ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Marking Behaviour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Egg Marking

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) on Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae) host eggs was investigated in the laboratory. Masses of 12 non-parasitized freshly laid (less than 24 h old) eggs were exposed to 2-5 days old mated females with previous oviposition experience (n = 10). Behaviour was observed for 2 h under the stereomicroscope. The eggs were Then kept individually at 25º ± 1ºC/12 h photophase till hatching. The mean number of parasitized eggs was 7.8 ± 0.81 (IMG01 ± SE). Five distinct kinds of behaviour were observed: drumming with antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, walking and resting. On average, ovipositor insertion was not followed by marking 4.3 ± 0.76 times per female. In nearly all of these events, parasitism was unsuccessful. Walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviours (1.6 ± 0.56 and 2.1 ± 0.48 times/female, respectively). Superparasitism occurred on average 3.6 ± 0.88 times per egg mass, with 2.7 ± 0.57 eggs being superparasitized. Among these, on average 87.4 ± 5.37% led to successful development of an adult parasitoid. The average time spent on the each kind of oviposition behaviour was 1.5 ± 0.57 min for drumming, 3.9 ± 0.56 min for ovipositor insertion and 0.4 ± 0.06 min for marking. There was no significant variation on the duration of each behaviour as the parasitoid progressed in parasitizing an egg mass. Ovipositor insertion almost always (87.58%) occurred in the longitudinal extremities of the egg. In average 31.1 ± 7.21% of the individual emerging per egg mass were males, the larger proportion of males originating from the 2nd oviposition. The results show a range of oviposition behaviours common to the Scelionidae family. Egg marking behaviour was a good indicator of the effective oviposition by females. Superparasitism is only partially avoided, but its occurrence does not imply a failure of parasitoid emergence. The sex ratio is skewed towards females, and most males come from the first ovipositions.

scholarly journals Finding indexes of spontaneous brain-to-brain communications when looking for a cause of the similarity of qualia assumed across individuals

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Sheila Bouten ◽  
Hugo Pantecouteau ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Frontal Electrode ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Research Avenue

Qualia, the individual instances of subjective conscious experience, are private events. However, in everyday life, we assume qualia of others and their perceptual worlds, to be similar to ours. One way this similarity is possible is if qualia of others somehow contribute to the production of qualia by our own brain and vice versa. To test this hypothesis, we focused on the mean voltages of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the time-window of the P600 component, whose amplitude correlates positively with conscious awareness. These ERPs were elicited by stimuli of the international affective picture system in 16 pairs of friends, siblings or couples going side by side through hyperscanning without having to interact. Each of the 32 members of these 16 pairs faced one half of the screen and could not see what the other member was presented with on the other half. One stimulus occurred on each half simultaneously. The sameness of these stimulus pairs was manipulated as well as the participants’ belief in that sameness by telling subjects’ pairs that they were going to be presented with the same stimuli in two blocks and with different ones in the two others. In the P600 time window, belief, and thus social cognition, was found to have an effect on ERPs only at left anterior electrode sites. In contrast, ERPs were more positive at all electrode subsets for stimulus pairs that were   inconsistent with the belief than for those that were consistent. In the N400 time window, at frontal electrode sites, ERPs were again more positive for inconsistent than for consistent stimuli. As participants had no way to see the stimulus their partner was presented with, and thus no way to detect inconsistence, we proposed that these data could support the existence of spontaneous brain-to-brain communications. Such communications might provide a research avenue when trying to explain the similarity of qualia across individuals, which is assumed in virtually all instants of every day life.

scholarly journals Is “Unconsummated Marriage” Still an Appropriate Term? A Snapshot of Reality

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
M. Silvaggi ◽  
◽  
P. M. Michetti ◽  
A. Fabrizi ◽  
R. Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Performance Anxiety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: In the middle eastern (MES) and western (WS) societies, sexuality follows different patterns in terms of meaning and rules. Moreover the evolution of societies all around the world created new contexts and kinds of relationship. This could hamper a correct taxonomy of such sexual dysfunctions where social variables are crucial. The aim of the present work is to collect and review data on Unconsummated Marriage (UCM) all around the world, to understand if in different societies it refers to the same situation. Design and Method: A review of published literature on UCM from different areas of the world was conducted. Results: Substantial difference emerged from MES to WS. In MES, sexuality is allowed only in marriage, while in WS sexuality and relationship are not strongly linked. This could suggest that the term “marriage” is unable to cover the phenomenon in such different countries. Moreover, the mean time before the consultation, causal attribution and prevalence are very different in such societies. Conclusions: We found that the term “Honeymoon impotence” could better describe male, female or both difficulties related to ignorance about sexuality or state/performance anxiety, typical in MES. On the other hand in WS over the individual category of sexual dysfunctions, we suggest a new term as “Unconsummated relationship”, where individual difficulties are involved creating a couple’s dysfunction.

scholarly journals The 37-year dynamics of a subalpine passerine bird community, with special emphasis on the influence of environmental temperature and Epirrita autumnata cycles

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Enemar ◽  
Bengt Sjöstrand ◽  
Göran Andersson ◽  
Ted Von Proschwitz
Keyword(s):  
Species Turnover ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Epirrita Autumnata ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual

The breeding passerine bird community of 9 km2 of a primeval subalpine birch forest in Swedish Lapland was censused yearly from 1963 through 1999. The community density remained stable, fluctuating around a mean value of 403 ± 85 territories/km2. Species richness increased by an average of one species every four years. Twenty species made up 98% of the community and Phylloscopus trochilus (40%) and Fringilla montifringilla (19%) remained the dominant species. The species turnover rate between successive seasons was on average 30%. The mean temperatures in June and July were positively correlated to the community density two years and one year later, respectively, less so for the densities of the individual species. Fringilla montifringilla increased in density during the first two years of each Epirrita autumnata caterpillar outbreak, whereas the other species responded only weakly or not at all. All species tended to fluctuate in parallel (no significant opposite trends) which together with the other results suggests that the investigated bird community is far from saturated.

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