Group structure in wood bison: nutritional and reproductive determinants

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1367-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr E. Komers ◽  
François Messier ◽  
Cormack C. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wood Bison ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Male To Female

Sexual segregation in ungulates has been documented for many species including bison. However, male and female bison do not differ in their pattern of habitat selection. In the present study we observed that a fraction of bison groups did not have young (<2 years) despite the presence of males and females. The male to female ratio in these groups was 2.4. We call them adult groups, in contrast to mixed groups, where young were present and the male to female ratio was 0.4. The proportion of cows with young (mothers) in a group was negatively correlated with the male to female ratio, suggesting that mothers associated more often with other cows than with bulls. Before the rut, cows without young (non-mothers) spent less time feeding than either mothers or bulls. However, mothers and non-mothers did not differ in the number of steps per minute they took while grazing, and both types of cows stepped faster than bulls. We suggest that cows feed more selectively than bulls and that the differing foraging strategies result in temporal but not spatial segregation of the sexes. Possibly as a result of similar nutritional demands, mothers tended to aggregate, forming nursery groups. We suggest that the formation of nursery groups can also serve to protect calves through a dilution effect of predation. Whether mothers actually prefer to associate with other mothers remains to be investigated.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in group size and composition of Arabian sand gazelle Gazella subgutturosa marica Thomas, 1897 during a period of drought in central western Saudi Arabia

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Low Cunningham ◽  
Torsten Wronski
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Gazella Subgutturosa ◽  
Mixed Groups

Abstract Group size variations of the Arabian sand gazelle Gazella subgutturosa marica were studied during a period of drought at the Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in central western Saudi Arabia. Significant differences in median group sizes were observed between all seasons except summer. Single animals were observed mainly during summer while group sizes exceeding 10 individuals were observed mainly during winter. Solitary male and female groups were typically observed during winter and mixed groups mainly during the autumn rutting period. Most mixed groups were two to four times larger during winter than summer. The adult sex ratio (male: female) for all seasons combined was in parity and highest during autumn (1:1.23), probably as a result of prolonged drought conditions. The variability in group structure related to environmental conditions may be one factor permitting G. s. marica to adapt to hyper-arid habitats and climatic regimes in central western Saudi Arabia. The value of continuous monitoring of the gazelle population is emphasised for this drought prone region.

scholarly journals SUN-713 Prevalence of Renal Cysts in Patients with Carney Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Dawn Chrysavgi Kamilaris ◽  
Athanasios Gkirgkinoudis ◽  
Christina Tatsi ◽  
Georgia Pitsava ◽  
Ninet Sinaii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cysts ◽  
Carney Complex ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Cyst Size ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Renal Imaging ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract In the general population renal cysts appear most commonly in patients &gt;50 y and in men. Among published studies, the prevalence of renal cysts detected by MRI was 27%, detected by CT was 20-41%, and detected by US was 4-17% (Mensel, et al., 2018; Choi, et al., 2016). In these studies, the male to female ratio in patients with renal cysts ranged from 1.4:1 to 2.93:1. Carney complex (CNC) is an autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome predominantly caused by aberrant cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling mostly (but not always) due to germline inactivating defects in PRKAR1A which encodes the regulatory subunit type 1α of PKA. In a small retrospective study, 5 of 9 subjects with CNC had renal cysts on MRI or CT (Ye, et al., 2017). This same study evaluated the development of renal cysts in kidney-specific Prkar1a knockout mice, where all mice developed a renal cystic phenotype. To determine the prevalence of renal cysts, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with CNC evaluated at our institution between 1984 and 2019 who underwent renal imaging with MRI, CT, and/or US. We hypothesized that CNC leads to renal formation of cysts in humans, with increased number of renal cysts and earlier age at detection. 117 patients with CNC (69 female [59%], 48 male [41%]) were evaluated with renal imaging (56% MRI, 41% CT, 3% US). Of these, 39 (33%) patients had renal cysts that were first detected on imaging between the ages of 13 and 58 y (mean age at diagnosis 37.1 ±12.7 y; 5 [13%] 12-19 y, 5 [13%] 20-29 y, 10 [26%] 30-39 y, 11 [28%] 40-49 y, and 8 [21%] 50-59 y). The mean number of cysts was 1.3 ±0.7, and mean dominant cyst size was 1.2 ±0.9 cm. Average creatinine at diagnosis was 0.8 ±0.2 mg/dl. Of the patients with renal cysts, 22 were female (56% of patients with renal cysts, 32% of females with CNC that underwent renal imaging) and 17 were male (44% of patients with renal cysts, 35% of males with CNC that underwent renal imaging). There was no difference in the prevalence of renal cysts between males and females (35% vs 32%, p=.70, for a 1.1:1 ratio). Age, number, and dominant cyst size were also not different between sexes (p=.51, p=.84, and p=.26, respectively). However, creatinine levels were higher in males (0.9 ±0.1 vs 0.7 ±0.1, p&lt;.001). All 39 patients with renal cysts had defects in PRKAR1A as compared to 73 of 78 (94%) patients with CNC that did not have renal cysts on imaging (p=.17). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of renal cysts in patients with CNC with both males and females being affected equally, in contrast to the majority of previously reported population studies. They also suggest that renal cysts may develop in patients with CNC at a younger age. These results can be further validated by comparison to a cohort of healthy controls.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Jordan, From 2003 to 2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 32s-32s
Author(s):  
M. Alzaghal
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Male To Female

Background: Colorectal cancer is an important public health problem. There are nearly one million new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed world-wide each year and half a million deaths. Regionally it is the fourth most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent reports show that, in Jordan, it ranked the second among all new cancers in both males and females. Aim: To explore and identify the epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Jordan over the 10 years period 2003-2012 to provide update information regarding the likely future. Methods: This project was a descriptive study, cases were identified from Jordan cancer registry (JCR), all Jordanian cases diagnosed and registered in 2003-2012 were included, data on age, sex, primary site, morphology, grade and stage were collected and filtered, frequency by graphs and tables was demonstrated, SPSS software version 17 was used for analysis, and official approval to do the study was taken from the registry. Results: Total number of colorectal cancers in Jordan registered in JCR from 2003 to 2012 was 3299 cases among both genders, 1833 in males which accounted for (55.6%) and 1466 cases (44.4%) in females. In 2012, there were 567 (11.3%) of all newly diagnosed cases among Jordanians compared with 357 (10.3%) in 2003. Male to female ratio was (0.9:1) compared with (1.4:1) in 2003. The median age at diagnosis was 61 years for both genders in 2012, in 2003 it was (51). The overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) increased from 11/100,000 in 2003 to 16.3/100.000 in 2012. Conclusion: This study will provide health professionals researchers and policy makers with detailed information about colorectal cancer epidemiology through 2003-2012 and it demonstrate the magnitude of the problem, which will assist in planning and evaluation and to identify priorities, and this will provide a solid database for establishing screening programs for early detection.

scholarly journals Optimization of reproduction of ricefish endemic to Southeast Sulawesi Oryzias woworae Parenti & Hadiaty, 2010 through different sex ratios in spawning

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-251
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ayip Firmansyah ◽  
Mustahal Mustahal ◽  
Mas Bayu Syamsunarno ◽  
Muh Herjayanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Status Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Male To Female

Oryzias woworae has a beautiful color and has been traded as ornamental fish. This species is an endemic ricefish from Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, and is threatened with endangered status. Information on the optimal spawning sex ratio in O. woworae is unknown. This study aimed was to examine the optimization of reproduction based on the sex ratio of male: female broodstock O. woworae involved in spawning. The sex ratio of male: female spawning broodstock used were 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The male and female brooders used had a total length of 3,1 ± 0,5 cm and 2,5 ± 0,5 cm. After adaptation, the broodstock of O. woworae was put into aquariums according to the treatment, and each container contained three spawning substrates. The harvesting of eggs on the substrate is carried out two times a day. The results showed that spawning O. woworae with a ratio of 1♂: 4♀ produced the lowest number of eggs and was significantly different with ratios of 1♂: 1♀ and 1♂: 2♀ (P<0,05). The ratio of 1♂ : 3♀ gave the highest egg hatching of 55% but was not significantly different from other treatments (P>0,05). The difference in male and female ratios did not affect the survival rate of O. woworae larvae (P>0,05), with values from 91,9-100%. The highest larvae produced was found in the spawning ratio of 1♂ : 3♀ with 37 larvae but not significantly different from other treatments (P>0,05). The water quality values during the study were temperature 26,5-310C, pH 5,5-8,8, and dissolved oxygen 5,3-6,0 mg L-1. O. woworae broodstock spawning can be optimized with a male to female ratio of 1:3.

Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRIE E. MOFFITT ◽  
AVSHALOM CASPI
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Life Course Persistent ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Male To Female

This article reports a comparison on childhood risk factors of males and females exhibiting childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, using data from the Dunedin longitudinal study. Childhood-onset delinquents had childhoods of inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems, whereas adolescent-onset delinquents did not have these pathological backgrounds. Sex comparisons showed a male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for childhood-onset delinquency but a sex ratio of only 1.5:1 for adolescence-onset delinquency. Showing the same pattern as males, childhood-onset females had high-risk backgrounds but adolescent-onset females did not. These findings are consistent with core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior.

scholarly journals Growth of diabetic children in post conflict Baghdad, Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Zena S. Hadi ◽  
Eman A. Al-Kaseer ◽  
Munib A. Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Significant Determinant ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Diabetic Children ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Children Welfare ◽  
Male To Female

Background: previously type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was listed among the causes of severing growth retardation. Iraq was exposed to wars and conflicts that affect health services which in turn affect the glycemic state of diabetic patients.Objective: To report on the growth of diabetic children in post-conflict Iraq.Methods: A total of 100 children with T1DM were included in the study. They were attending the consultancy clinic in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital for the period from 1st of Feb to 30th of May 2017. Weight and height were measured. The growth indices at diagnosis were taken from a case file.Results: A total of 100 children with T1DM included in this study. Their age was 9.3 ± 3.2 years with a male to female ratio of 1. The peak age of children at diagnosis was < 5 years. Of the total diabetic children in this study, (5%) was stunted, (2%) wasted, and (5%) was underweight. Duration of T1DM was a significant determinant of growth indices (height and weight). No significant differences in growth indices (weight, height, and BMI) between males and females with T1DM.Conclusion: the peak of age at diagnosis was < 5 years, the sex ratio was equal and weight and height were almost lower than that supposed to be healthy.   نمو الاطفال المصابين بداء السكري في العراق بعد الازمة د. زينة ستار هادي د. ايمان عدنان القصير د. منيب احمد كاظم الخلاصة: الخلفية: سابقا كان داء السكري من النوع الاول من بين اسباب تاخر النمو الشديد. العراق تعرض للحروب والصراعات التي اثرت على الخدمات الصحية والتي بدورها اثرت على حالة السكر في الدم لمرضى السكري. الهدف: تقديم تقريرعن نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في العراق بعد انتهاء الصراع. طريقة البحث: شملت الدراسة 100طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول والذين يراجعون العيادة الاستشارية لمرضى السكري في مستشفى حماية الاطفال للفترة من 1 شباط الى 30 ايار للعام 2017. تم قياس الوزن والطول. مؤشرات النمو عند التشخيص اخذت من ملف المريض. النتائج: تمت دراسة 100 طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول وكان عمرهم 9.3 ± 3.2 ونسبة الذكور للاناث تساوي 1. ذروة عمر الاطفال عند التشخيص كانت اقل من 5 سنوات. من مجموع الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في هذه الدراسة كانت نسبة المصابين بالتقزم 5%, النحافة 2 % ونقصان الوزن 5%. مدة الاصابة بداء السكري من النوع الاول كانت محددا هاما لمؤشرات النمو(الطول والوزن). لاتوجد اختلافات ذات دلالة احصائية في مؤشرات النمو(الوزن, الطول, ومؤشر كتلة الجسم) بين الذكور والاناث المصابين بداء السكري من النوع الاول.  الاستنتاج: كانت ذروة العمر عند التشخيص أقل من 5 سنوات، وكانت نسبة الجنس متساوية، والوزن والطول كانوا تقريبا اقل مما يفترض ان يكون صحي. الكلمات الافتتاحية: داء السكري من النوع الاول, والاطفال, والنمو.

scholarly journals PEG TUBE

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Sajid Hussain ◽  
Kashif Ali ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Farhan Rashid ◽  
Abrar Hussain Khosa ◽  
Aushter Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Tube Placement ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Peristomal Infection ◽  
Group A ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Peg Tube ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Trial Setting

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of Cephalexin and Co-amoxiclave inpreventing Peristomal infection after PEG tube placement in head and neck and other cancerpatients. Study Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Setting: Internal MedicineDepartment Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore. Period:February 2009 to September 2009. Material and Methods: A total of 160 patients includingboth males and females were selected by Non probability purposive sampling. Patients meetinginclusion and exclusion criteria were registered in the study from outpatient department afterinformed consent. These patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A was startedon Cephalexin 500mg q6h Per-orally started 24 hrs before the procedure with the 4th dosegiven one hour before the procedure and continued it as q6h for five days after the procedure.Group B was given Co-amoxiclav 1G Per-orally 12 hrs before the procedure with the seconddose of 1G, one hour before the procedure and then same dose advised q12h for five daysafter PEG tube placement. Results: Male to female ratio in both groups was 2:1 with 63.3%males and 33.8% females. Patients were aged between 19-80years, divided in four age groupswith 38.8% falling in age group 50-64 years. Mean age is 52.11+-13.59 years and median age54 years. The efficacy of Cephalexin and Co-amoxiclave was 84.7% and 78.6% respectivelywith no significant statistical difference among two groups. Conclusion: We concluded thatCephalexin and Co-amoxiclave were both equally effective in preventing peristomal infection.

scholarly journals Female Fatality due to Cholera was Higher than Male. Studies of Four Cholera Epidemics in the Poznań Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA LICZBIŃSKA ◽  
Miroslav Králík
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background: Males and females differ in terms of patterns of morbidity and mortality resulting from diseases.Objectives: It has been tested whether cholera epidemics killed selectively by sex in historical populations. Four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province: 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 have been studied.Data sources: Data have been derived from death registers of the selected parishes located on the territory of the Poznań Province. In total, the information about 34, 655 individual cases, with the causes of deaths recognized, has been used, encompassing 18,243 males and 16,325 females. Methods: The daily and weekly incidences of cholera deaths have been counted for epidemics in 1852, 1855, 1866 and 1873. The relations of male-to-female deaths numbers by epidemiological weeks have been computed. The sex ratio at death (SRD) and sex ratio at death from cholera (SRDCh) have been calculated. The differences between the theoretical and empirical distributions in the numbers of male and female deaths, deaths from cholera, SRD and SRDCh have been examined. Results: More females than males died in the periods of cholera epidemics than in non- epidemic ones. The values of SRDCh during the earlier epidemics (1852, 1855) and later epidemics (1866, 1873) were 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. A significant variances in the sex-specific death ratio have been observed between the cholera epidemics periods (SRD=0.89) and non-epidemic periods (SRD=1.13) in Poznań.Conclusions: The gender-specific cholera death rates could have been related to the division of social roles between women and men. Women more frequently than men had contact with contaminated water, e.g. when preparing and cooking meals, feeding, caring for and washing children and caring for sick family members.

scholarly journals Reflecting on the current scenario and forecasting the future demand for medical doctors in South Africa up to 2030: towards equal representation of women

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika Tiwari ◽  
Angelique Wildschut-February ◽  
Lungiswa Nkonki ◽  
René English ◽  
Innocent Karangwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Background Increasing feminization of medical professions is well-acknowledged. However, this does not always equate to equitable representation of women within medicine, regarding their socio-demographic indicators, regions, sectors and fields of practice. Thus, this paper quantifies the gap in supply of female medical doctors in relation to demand, towards reaching different gender equity scenarios. Methods A retrospective review of the Health Professions Council of South Africa’s (HPCSA) database on registered medical doctors (medical practitioners and medical specialists) from 2002 until 2019 was utilized as an indicator of supply. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data, and inferential statistics (considering a significance level of 0.05) were utilized to determine the association between the number of male and female doctors, disaggregated by demographic variables. We forecasted future gaps of South African male and female doctors up to 2030, based on maintaining the current male-to-female ratio and attaining an equitable ratio of 1:1. Results While the ratio of female doctors per 10 000 population has increased between 2000 and 2019, from 1.2 to 3.2, it remains substantially lower than the comparative rate for male doctors per 10 000 population which increased from 3.5 in 2000 to 4.7 in 2019. Men continue to dominate the medical profession in 2019, representing 59.4% (27,579) of medical doctors registered with the HPCSA with females representing 40.6% (18,841), resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1:0.7. Female doctors from the Black population group have constantly grown in the medical workforce from 4.4% (2000), to 12.5% (2019). There would be a deficit of 2242 female doctors by 2030 to achieve a 1:1 ratio between male and female medical doctors. An independent-samples t-test revealed that there was a significant difference in the number of male and female doctors. The Kruskal–Wallis test indicated that there was a sustained significant difference in terms of the number of male and female doctors by population groups and geographical distribution. Conclusions Based on the investigation, we propose that HRH planning incorporate forecasting methodologies towards reaching gender equity targets to inform planning for production of healthcare workers.

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