Environmental contamination by arsenic and lead in some rural villages in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Noda ◽  
Reika Hakamada ◽  
Kazuyki Suzuki ◽  
Teruo Miura ◽  
Koichiro Sera
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tube Well

This investigation focuses on the arsenic contamination problems in tube well groundwater systems and the different forms of arsenic and other toxic elements accumulated in human hair samples taken in a rural area of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The local residents at the study site depend on groundwater as their major source of household water. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH of groundwater samples were measured directly after the sampling of groundwater. Arsenic concentrations were measured directly in water samples by a colorimetric arsenic analysis kit after the water was pumped from a tube well and/or at a nearby laboratory. Human hair samples from the residents of the villages in the study site were analyzed by PIXE to measure a wide range of elements. An atomic absorption spectrometer was also used to measure arsenic concentrations. The results indicated that the concentrations of arsenic in groundwater and human hair were significantly higher in the village of Bada Kanjasa than in the villages of Kanua and Chota Kanjasa (P< 0.05), clearly indicating that the higher arsenic concentration in groundwater reflected the accumulation of arsenic in human hair in the residents of Bada Kanjasa. The PIXE analysis also revealed an unusually high concentration of lead in human hair samples from Chota Kanjasa. Although the actual health effects and the detailed exposure mechanisms remain to be investigated, lead pollution is suspected to be the source of the exposure.

PIXE Analysis of Human Hair Samples

1983 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 1316-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Varier ◽  
A. K. Nayak ◽  
G. K. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Hair Samples

PIXE ANALYSIS OF HAIR IN ARSENIC POLLUTION, BANGLADESH

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. HABIB ◽  
S. MIONO ◽  
K. SERA ◽  
S. FUTATSUGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Toxic Element ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Arsenic Pollution ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
High Arsenic

The groundwater pollution by arsenic in Bangladesh causes a serious problem for millions of people who are exposed to poisoning by this toxic element. In an attempt to evaluate the extent of arsenic poisoning, hair samples of people living in Pabna district were collected. The hair samples were analyzed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) through exciting the atoms of a specimen so that their intensities can be converted into elemental concentrations in the specimen. The elements present in the specimen are identified by the corresponding X-ray energies and their concentrations are deduced from the X-ray intensities. The results from hair samples indicate substantially higher level of arsenic than those demarcated as toxic levels, in people from member families both affected and non-affected by poisoning. We correlate it with exceedingly high arsenic concentration in drinking water far above the permissible limit. The analytical results are compared with the results of arsenic and other elemental analysis of 160 Bangladeshi hair samples with that of 250 Japanese samples. The results show markedly higher levels of arsenic, manganese, iron and lead where the latter three elements show a positive relation with arsenic in the case of Bangladeshi as compared to the samples from Japan. On the other hand, selenium concentrations show very low level in the Bangladeshi samples compared to Japanese, displaying an inverse relationship with arsenic. The mechanism of arsenic in relation to other elements in the human body needs further investigation. The preliminary results call for detailed experimental and epidemiological studies to further characterize these aspects.

Human-hair analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 886-887
Author(s):  
Brenda E. Lambert ◽  
Ernest C. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
White Female ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Wave Technique ◽  
Permanent Wave ◽  
Scanning Electron

The purpose of this study was to examine the external structure of four human hair shaft samples with the scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and to obtain information regarding the chemical composition of hair by using the attached x ray microanalysis unit.The hair samples were obtained from two female subjects. Sample A was taken from a black female and had not undergone any type of chemical processing. Sample B, C, D were taken from a white female, and were natural, processed, and unpigmented, i.e. “gray”, respectively. Sample C had been bleached, tinted, and chemically altered using a permanent wave technique.

As(III) Removal by Dynamic Adsorption onto Amberlite XAD7 Functionalized with Crown Ether and Doped with Fe(III) Ions

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2330-2334
Author(s):  
Mihaela Ciopec ◽  
Adina Negrea ◽  
Narcis Duteanu ◽  
Corneliu Mircea Davidescu ◽  
Iosif Hulka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
World Health ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Arsenic Adsorption ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Organization

Arsenic content in groundwater�s present a wide range of concentration, ranging from hundreds of micrograms to thousands of micrograms of arsenic per litter, while the maximum permitted arsenic concentration established by World Health Organization (WHO) is 10 mg L-1. According to the WHO all people, regardless of their stage of development and their social economic condition, have the right to have access to adequate drinking water. The most efficient and economic technique used for arsenic removal is represented by adsorption. In order to make this remediation technique more affordable and environmentally friendly is important to new materials with advance adsorbent properties. Novelty of present paper is represented by the usage of a new adsorbent material obtained by physical - chemical modification of Amberlite XAD polymers using crown ethers followed by iron doping, due to well-known affinity of arsenic for iron ions. Present paper aims to test the obtained modified Amberlite polymer for arsenic removal from real groundwater by using adsorption in a fixed bed column, establishing in this way a mechanism for the adsorption process. During experimental work was studied the influence of competing ions from real water into the arsenic adsorption process.

Plant Oil-Based Nanoemulsions: Preparation and Efficacy for Hair Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Gonçalves Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Juliana Falcão Alves de Carvalho ◽  
Cristal dos Santos Cerqueira Pinto ◽  
Elisabete Pereira Santos ◽  
Claudia Regina Elias Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Treatment Objective ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Average Size

Background:: The use of polymers in hair care products is widespread, and silicones in particular are extensively used in cosmetic formulations. In addition, plant oils can also be used for hair treatment. Objective: In the present work, oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were prepared to repair chemical damage to human hair samples, to investigate the combined use of a silicone polyether copolymer (surfactant) that has a branch composed of poly(ethylene oxide) in its chains, and two types of plant oils: coconut and ojon oil. Materials and Methods:: Surfactant-oil-water formulations were obtained by ultrasonic processing. The nanoemulsions were then applied to human hair strands previously damaged with sodium hydroxide, to compare the treated strands with untreated ones. The efficacy of the formulations was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical tests. Results and Discussion:: Stables nanoemulsions were obtained with average size of the dispersed droplets up to 400 nm. The micrographs suggest that the action mechanism of the nanoemulsions depends not only on the type of plant oil used and size of the droplets dispersed in the system, but also on the type of hair that receives the treatment. The thermal analysis showed that the use of nanoemulsion changed the temperature of keratin interconversion to higher values, which can make hair fibers more resistant to heat. Hair resistance was improved when comparing virgin samples to the damaged ones. Conclusion:: The nanoemulsions were efficient in the treatment of the hair samples, which showed a significant improvement of their mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in arsenic (+3) methyltransferase of the Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and its gene expression among field populations

Ecotoxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daesik Park ◽  
Catherine R. Propper ◽  
Guangning Wang ◽  
Matthew C. Salanga
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Gambusia Affinis ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Arsenic

AbstractNaturally occurring arsenic is toxic at extremely low concentrations, yet some species persist even in high arsenic environments. We wanted to test if these species show evidence of evolution associated with arsenic exposure. To do this, we compared allelic variation across 872 coding nucleotides of arsenic (+3) methyltransferase (as3mt) and whole fish as3mt gene expression from three field populations of Gambusia affinis, from water sources containing low (1.9 ppb), medium-low (3.3 ppb), and high (15.7 ppb) levels of arsenic. The high arsenic site exceeds the US EPA’s Maximum Contamination Level for drinking water. Medium-low and high populations exhibited homozygosity, and no sequence variation across all animals sampled. Eleven of 24 fish examined (45.8%) in the low arsenic population harbored synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons 4 and/or 10. SNP presence in the low arsenic population was not associated with differences in as3mt transcript levels compared to fish from the medium-low site, where SNPs were noted; however, as3mt expression in fish from the high arsenic concentration site was significantly lower than the other two sites. Low sequence variation in fish populations from sites with medium-low and high arsenic concentrations suggests greater selective pressure on this allele, while higher variation in the low population suggests a relaxed selection. Our results suggest gene regulation associated with arsenic detoxification may play a more crucial role in influencing responses to arsenic than polymorphic gene sequence. Understanding microevolutionary processes to various contaminants require the evaluation of multiple populations across a wide range of pollution exposures.

scholarly journals Determination of Vitamin B3 Vitamer (Nicotinamide) and Vitamin B6 Vitamers in Human Hair Using LC-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4487
Author(s):  
Sundus M. Sallabi ◽  
Aishah Alhmoudi ◽  
Manal Alshekaili ◽  
Iltaf Shah
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Pyridoxal Hydrochloride ◽  
Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Water-soluble B vitamins participate in numerous crucial metabolic reactions and are critical for maintaining our health. Vitamin B deficiencies cause many different types of diseases, such as dementia, anaemia, cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and HIV. Vitamin B3 deficiency is linked to pellagra and cancer, while niacin (or nicotinic acid) lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides in the blood and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL). A highly sensitive and robust liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS-MS) method was developed to detect and quantify a vitamin B3 vitamer (nicotinamide) and vitamin B6 vitamers (pyridoxial 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal hydrochloride (PL), pyridoxamine dihydrochloride (PM), pridoxamine-5′-phosphate (PMP), and pyridoxine hydrochloride (PN)) in human hair samples of the UAE population. Forty students’ volunteers took part in the study and donated their hair samples. The analytes were extracted and then separated using a reversed-phase Poroshell EC-C18 column, eluted using two mobile phases, and quantified using LC/MS-MS system. The method was validated in human hair using parameters such as linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy, and precision and recovery. The method was then used to detect vitamin B3 and B6 vitamers in the human hair samples. Of all the vitamin B3 and B6 vitamers tested, only nicotinamide was detected and quantified in human hair. Of the 40 samples analysed, 12 were in the range 100–200 pg/mg, 15 in the range 200–500 pg/mg, 9 in the range of 500–4000 pg/mg. The LC/MS-MS method is effective, sensitive, and robust for the detection of vitamin B3 and its vitamer nicotinamide in human hair samples. This developed hair test can be used in clinical examination to complement blood and urine tests for the long-term deficiency, detection, and quantification of nicotinamide.

Arsenic Contamination and its Speciation in the Water System around the Abandoned Dongil Au-Ag Mine in Korea

2005 ◽  
Vol 277-279 ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Min Yi ◽  
Jin Soo Lee ◽  
Hyo Taek Chon
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Aqua Regia ◽  
Sequential Extraction Analysis ◽  
Fe Oxyhydroxides ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stream Waters

This study was made to investigate the extent and degree of As contamination in waters and sediments influenced by previous mining activity in the abandoned Dongil Au-Ag mine. Arsenic species was also identified in surface waters and groundwater. The chemical form of As in sediments was examined using sequential extraction analysis. The major contamination source of As in the mine area is suggested to be tailings with elevated levels of 8,718 As mg/kg. This was associated with the release of high level of As into the water system in the study area. The pH values of water samples ranged from 7.7 to 10.1, which was neutral to strong alkaline due to buffering effect by high concentration of Ca and Mg dissolved from carbonate mineral and weathering of concrete. Stream waters contained high level of As within the range of 40.5 to 150.4 ㎍/L and most waters exceeded the permissible level (50 ㎍/L) of As for stream water in Korea. The concentration ratios of As(Ⅲ) to As (total), however, extended in the range of 5.8 to 75% and increased at low pH condition in stream waters. Arsenic concentration in sediments digested by aqua regia (HNO3+HCl) ranged from 162 to 2,077 mg/kg. The highest concentration of As may be due to the direct inflow of tailings. The relatively high percentage (17.1~35.3%) of As coprecipitated with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides indicates that more severe contamination of As can occur by re-extracting due to changes of chemical environment such as reducing condition.

Effects of sulfate concentration and sludge retention time on the interaction between methane production and sulfate reduction for butyrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mizuno ◽  
Y. Y. Li ◽  
T. Noike
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Sulfate Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Sludge Retention Time ◽  
Wide Range

The effects of sulfate concentration and COD/S ratio on the anaerobic degradation of butyrate were investigated by using 2.0 L anaerobic chemostat-type reactor at 35°C. The study was conducted over a wide range of the COD/S ratio (1.5 to 148) by varying COD concentrations (2500–10000 mg/L) and sulfate concentrations (68–1667 mg-S/L) in the substrate. The sludge retention time at each COD/S ratio was changed from 5 to 20 days. The interaction between methane producing bacteria (MPB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was evidently influenced by COD/S ratio in the substrate. When COD/S ratio was 6.0 or more, methane production was the predominate reaction and over 80% of the total electron flow was used by MPB. At the COD/S ratio of 1.5, SRB utilzed over 50% of the total electron flow. A large amount of sulfate reduction resulted in not only the decrease of methane production, but also the rapid increase of the bacterial growth. The degradation pathway of butyrate and the composition of bacterial populations in the reactor were also dominated by COD/S ratio. In sulfate depleted condition, butyrate was degraded to methane via acetate and hydrogen by MPB. On the other hand, butyrate was firstly degraded into sulfide and acetate in sulfate rich conditions by SRB, and the produced acetate was then degraded by acetate consuming MPB and SRB. The methanogenesis from acetate was inhibited by the high concentration of sulfide.

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