DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN SINGAPORE: EVIDENCE FROM A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350023 ◽  
Author(s):  
AAMIR RAFIQUE HASHMI ◽  
WEN JIE MOK
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Current Fertility ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Relationship

Below-replacement fertility is a common problem among the rich countries with far-reaching economic and social implications. The problem is more acute in some economically fast-growing Asian countries where the fertility decline has been more rapid and the current fertility rates have reached levels that are unprecedented in recent history. In this paper, data from a unique household survey have been used to understand the determinants of low fertility in one such country: Singapore. The total fertility rate in Singapore has dropped from 4.7 children per woman in 1965 to 1.2 in 2011. This is well below the replacement level of 2.1 and one of the lowest in the world. The authors identify three key determinants of fertility in Singapore: (1) age at marriage; (2) household income; and (3) number of siblings' children. They find that fertility is negatively related to age at marriage and positively related to the number of siblings' children. The relationship between fertility and household income is U-shaped: the relationship is negative for household incomes of up to S$21 000 (in 2010 Singapore dollars) and positive for higher incomes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Farmer-Pastoralist Violence on Income: New Survey Evidence from Nigeria’s Middle Belt States

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal ◽  
Talia Hagerty ◽  
Lisa Inks ◽  
Claire-Lorentz Ugo-Ike ◽  
Caitriona Dowd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship

This study estimates the relationship between violent conflict and household income in four states of Nigeria’s Middle Belt region (Benue, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Plateau) where farmers and pastoralists routinely clash over access to farmland, grazing areas, stock routes, and water points for animals and households. Although relatively low in intensity, this form of violence is widespread, persistent, and arguably increasing in its incidence. We obtained data on income and household-level violence exposure from an original household survey administered in September 2014. Employing a negative binomial instrumental variables model, we find an inverse relation between violence and household incomes. Incomes could be increased by between 64 to 210 percent of current levels if violence related to farmer-pastoralist conflict in the four study states were reduced to near-zero. Cumulatively, we find that forgone income represents 10.2 percent of the combined official state domestic product in the study area. This is high when compared to the costs of conflict measured in other studies, even as our study takes account only of microeconomic costs. After incorporating an estimate of the size of the informal economy, the microeconomic cost of farmer-pastoralist conflict to the total economy is approximately 2.9 percent. [JEL codes: C36, D74, J17]

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-444
Author(s):  
Kazuya Tani ◽  
◽  
Yoshiyuki Kikuchi ◽  
Hideo Takaoka ◽  
Shubin Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Commercial Housing ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Housing Units

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the housing acquisition process by providing profiles of residents in Shanghai. A questionnaire was prepared for residents in both public housing and commodity housing to analyze the relationship between the purchase prices of housing units and the annual household incomes of the buyers. The ability to purchase private condominium units depends on whether the purchasers already possess any real properties. In Shanghai, the number of condominiums supplied by private developers has been rapidly increasing in recent years and represented about 40% of the number of households in 2009. However, as these prices are about 9 to 14 times the average annual household income, we believe that a path from renting public housing to owning commercial housing, which was a relocation process commonly witnessed in the 1980s in Japan, is considerably difficult to be followed by regular residents in Shanghai.

scholarly journals Who Gets Primary Schooling in Pakistan: Inequalities among and within Families

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar ◽  
Cynthia B. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Primary Schooling ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Children's Schooling ◽  
Cycle Of Poverty

The chances of Pakistani children's entering school and completing the primary level are extremely low even in comparison witli the relatively poor situation in other South Asian countries. This paper uses the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey to explore some of the determinants of parents' decisions about their children's schooling, giving particular attention to factors at the household and community levels. The results indicate that inequalities across households provide a major explanation for variations among children in primary schooling levels. Even the basic decisions relating to children's entry into school and completion of the primary level are largely determined by parents' education, particularly that of mothers, and household income. Primary school is not compulsory and even attendance at public school requires substantial monetary outlays. With only a small percentage of school-age children in Pakistan having mothers with any education or parents with sufficient income, the cycle of poverty and unequal opportunity is perpetuated. The accessibility of "appropriate" single-sex schools and the availability of quality schools are important additional factors in children's schooling outcomes, particularly for girls in the rural areas.

scholarly journals Governance of Cross-Border Migration in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-273
Author(s):  
Zhibek Syzdykova ◽  
Nikolay Medvedev ◽  
Shukran Suleymanova ◽  
Elena Nazarova ◽  
Vladimir Volokh
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Ethnic Migration

An inter-ethnic migration issue has arisen due to contradictory tendencies. The relevance of the topic lies in the study and analysis of tendencies in terms of the movement of the workforce in Southeast Asia. In several Asian countries where there is a labour surplus, the migration has become one of the largest sources of income. This study examines the basic tendencies of the labour movement in the countries of Southeast Asia. The statistical data as regards the number of labour migrations for 2015–2017 have been analysed; alongside the drivers of labour migration have been identified. The main reasons for the migration are labour productivity, differences in revenues, rapidly growing number of young workers, the ageing population in other countries, reduced transport and communication costs in East and Southeast Asia. All these indicators undoubtedly have made a significant contribution to the development of migration processes. There are signs, which continually demonstrate that dependence on foreign labour has become a specific feature of some of the rich countries in the East and Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Econometric Model for Identifying Factors of Income Differentiation of the Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Irina A. Karpuhno ◽  
Dania A. Guchmazova
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Maximum Extent ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Purpose of the study. On the basis of the construction of a multifactorial econometric model, it is necessary to identify the factors of income differentiation of the population. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are set: 1) to propose a typology of factors of household income differentiation; 2) on the basis of correlation analysis, to assess the closeness of the relationship between the average income of the population and those statistical indicators that maximally reflect the level of formation, the content and nature of the factors’ influence of household income differentiation; 3) using a step-by-step regression analysis algorithm to construct an econometric model to quantify the relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the income of the population.Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, the authors used information from the website of the Federal State Statistics Service, analytical statistical materials, scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists. The following methods were used in the paper: system analysis method (to develop a typology of factors for differentiating household income); the method of economic and mathematical modeling (when building an econometric model to quantify the relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the income of the population).Results. The classification of the factors of differentiation of household incomes was carried out according to three criteria: the level of formation, the content and nature of the influence of the factors. Four groups of statistical indicators have been formed, which, to the maximum extent, are the essence of the factors of income differentiation. An analysis of the correlation coefficients indicates a close relationship between the average income of the population of the Russian Federation regions and the overwhelming majority of statistical indicators. Assessment of the statistical significance of the regression coefficients made it possible to identify those indicators with which the indicator of the average income of the population has a significant quantitative dependence, namely: retail trade turnover per capita; the volume of personal services per capita; average monthly nominal accrued wages; the value of the subsistence minimum. This made it possible to build a four-factor econometric model.Conclusion. A typology of factors of household incomes’ differentiation is proposed, which combines such classification features as: the level of formation, the content and nature of the influence of factors. Those statistical indicators that reflect to the maximum extent the level of formation, content and nature of the influence of the previously considered factors of income differentiation on the level of income of the population are selected and grouped according to the corresponding criterion. Based on the correlation analysis, an assessment of the closeness of the relationship between the average income of the population and statistical indicators reflecting the factors of income differentiation was carried out. Using the algorithm of stepby-step regression analysis, a multivariate econometric model was built, which made it possible to identify a quantitative relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the average income of the population.

Dependency Theory and Donor Aid: A Critical Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
ITAI KABONGA
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Relationship

This article is a theoretical interrogation and appreciation of the relationship that hitherto exists between the dependency theory and donor aid. A number of scholars have heaped aspersions on the relevance of the dependency theory. This article argues that dependency theory is still relevant and has flared in this current epoch. Donor aid has emerged as a symbol of dependency, supporting the argument on the relevance of dependency theory. Donor aid has emerged as a nuanced form of dependency on western countries. Dependency theory, which originated in the 1950s, has Singer and Prebisch as the progenitors— and emerged as a result of the growing dissatisfaction with modernity theories that had propounded that economic growth in developed countries was similarly going to lead to unabated growth and development in poorer countries. The theory is premised on resources being extracted from poorer countries to enrich wealthy nations. The continuation of this scenario has resulted in a situation where poverty has been exacerbated among the poorer nations, while the wealthy nations are becoming richer. . Donor aid has, in a plethora of ways, enriched the rich countries while dialectically impoverishing poor countries. It is not an exaggeration that donor money that is being extended to Third World countries, has created more employment, demand for goods and services in richer countries than in poorer countries, thus perpetuating underdevelopment in the latter. Donor aid has undoubtedly, been used as a rod to whip Third World countries at variance, with self-serving interests.  On the other hand, the insatiable desire for aid has forced the poorer countries to submit to the dictates of the richer countries.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood disparities in the price of the cheapest cigarettes in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 894-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah D Mills ◽  
Shelley D Golden ◽  
Lisa Henriksen ◽  
Amanda Y Kong ◽  
Tara L Queen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThere is evidence that the cheapest cigarettes cost even less in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of youth, racial/ethnic minorities and low-income residents. This study examined the relationship between the price of the cheapest cigarette pack and neighbourhood demographics in a representative sample of tobacco retailers in the USA.MethodsData collectors recorded the price of the cheapest cigarette pack (regardless of brand) in 2069 retailers in 2015. Multilevel linear modelling examined the relationship between price and store neighbourhood (census tract) characteristics, specifically median household income and percentage of youth, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic residents.ResultsAverage price for the cheapest pack was $5.17 (SD=1.73) and it was discounted in 19.7% of stores. The price was $0.04 less for each SD increase in the percentage of youth and $0.22 less in neighbourhoods with the lowest as compared with the highest median household incomes. Excluding excise taxes, the average price was $2.48 (SD=0.85), and associations with neighbourhood demographics were similar.ConclusionThe cheapest cigarettes cost significantly less in neighbourhoods with a greater percentage of youth and lower median household income. Non-tax mechanisms to increase price, such as minimum price laws and restrictions on discounts/coupons, may increase cheap cigarette prices.

America's Lone Star Constitution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Powe Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
School Finance ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Civil Liberty ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship

Texas has created more constitutional law than any other state. In any classroom nationwide, any basic constitutional law course can be taught using nothing but Texas cases. That, however, understates the history and politics behind the cases. Beyond representing all doctrinal areas of constitutional law, Texas cases deal with the major issues of the nation. This book charts the rich and pervasive development of Texas-inspired constitutional law. From voting rights to railroad regulations, school finance to capital punishment, poverty to civil liberty, this book provides a window into the relationship between constitutional litigation and ordinary politics at the Texas Supreme Court, illuminating how all of the fiercest national divides over what the Constitution means took shape in Texas.

Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marii Paskov ◽  
Joan E. Madia ◽  
Tim Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.

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