scholarly journals The Effect of Farmer-Pastoralist Violence on Income: New Survey Evidence from Nigeria’s Middle Belt States

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal ◽  
Talia Hagerty ◽  
Lisa Inks ◽  
Claire-Lorentz Ugo-Ike ◽  
Caitriona Dowd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship

This study estimates the relationship between violent conflict and household income in four states of Nigeria’s Middle Belt region (Benue, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Plateau) where farmers and pastoralists routinely clash over access to farmland, grazing areas, stock routes, and water points for animals and households. Although relatively low in intensity, this form of violence is widespread, persistent, and arguably increasing in its incidence. We obtained data on income and household-level violence exposure from an original household survey administered in September 2014. Employing a negative binomial instrumental variables model, we find an inverse relation between violence and household incomes. Incomes could be increased by between 64 to 210 percent of current levels if violence related to farmer-pastoralist conflict in the four study states were reduced to near-zero. Cumulatively, we find that forgone income represents 10.2 percent of the combined official state domestic product in the study area. This is high when compared to the costs of conflict measured in other studies, even as our study takes account only of microeconomic costs. After incorporating an estimate of the size of the informal economy, the microeconomic cost of farmer-pastoralist conflict to the total economy is approximately 2.9 percent. [JEL codes: C36, D74, J17]

DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN SINGAPORE: EVIDENCE FROM A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350023 ◽  
Author(s):  
AAMIR RAFIQUE HASHMI ◽  
WEN JIE MOK
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Current Fertility ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Relationship

Below-replacement fertility is a common problem among the rich countries with far-reaching economic and social implications. The problem is more acute in some economically fast-growing Asian countries where the fertility decline has been more rapid and the current fertility rates have reached levels that are unprecedented in recent history. In this paper, data from a unique household survey have been used to understand the determinants of low fertility in one such country: Singapore. The total fertility rate in Singapore has dropped from 4.7 children per woman in 1965 to 1.2 in 2011. This is well below the replacement level of 2.1 and one of the lowest in the world. The authors identify three key determinants of fertility in Singapore: (1) age at marriage; (2) household income; and (3) number of siblings' children. They find that fertility is negatively related to age at marriage and positively related to the number of siblings' children. The relationship between fertility and household income is U-shaped: the relationship is negative for household incomes of up to S$21 000 (in 2010 Singapore dollars) and positive for higher incomes.

Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marii Paskov ◽  
Joan E. Madia ◽  
Tim Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-444
Author(s):  
Kazuya Tani ◽  
◽  
Yoshiyuki Kikuchi ◽  
Hideo Takaoka ◽  
Shubin Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Commercial Housing ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Housing Units

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the housing acquisition process by providing profiles of residents in Shanghai. A questionnaire was prepared for residents in both public housing and commodity housing to analyze the relationship between the purchase prices of housing units and the annual household incomes of the buyers. The ability to purchase private condominium units depends on whether the purchasers already possess any real properties. In Shanghai, the number of condominiums supplied by private developers has been rapidly increasing in recent years and represented about 40% of the number of households in 2009. However, as these prices are about 9 to 14 times the average annual household income, we believe that a path from renting public housing to owning commercial housing, which was a relocation process commonly witnessed in the 1980s in Japan, is considerably difficult to be followed by regular residents in Shanghai.

Does the Household Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Exist? Micro Evidence from Cities in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 869-870 ◽  
pp. 1067-1070
Author(s):  
Xin Kuo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Financial Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Household Borrowing ◽  
The Relationship

By linking household consumption and CO2 emissions, it utilizes the household financial survey data to analyze the relationship of CO2 emissions and income on the household level. By testing the model of household Environmental Kuznets Curve about CO2 emissions and another model involving more factors than income, it finds the household Environmental Kuznets Curve about CO2 emissions exists in cities of China. Moreover, it finds the household financial factors, besides household borrowing, credit card loans, non-savings insurance, asset level and cash level, affect the relationship of CO2 emissions and income. According to the empirical result, it predicts that the CO2 emissions will be the most when the household income reaches about 200 thousand Yuan.

scholarly journals The relationship between household income and educational level. (south Darfur rural areas-Sudan) statistical study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofian A. A. Saadv ◽  
Amin Adam
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
High Level ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The main aim of this paper is to find out the relationship between the household level of income and the level of education for the household being lived in southern Darfur state (Sudan) since they were seriously affected by the war conflict and lost most of their income sources. One-way Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) have been used to asses this relation where the independent variable and dependent variables are categorical and continuous respectively. Data gathered from Household survey (HHS) is analyzed. The results indicate the existence of relationship between certain education groups and the level of income, mainly high level of education comparing with the low level.</p>

More on the Impact of Economic Freedom on the Black–White Income Gap

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Hoover ◽  
Ryan A. Compton ◽  
Daniel C. Giedeman
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Black Household ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Household ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using household-level data from 1980 to 2010, we examine whether economic freedom, as measured by the Economic Freedom of North America Index, has similar effects on white household income as it does on black household income. Our findings suggest that the positive effect of economic freedom found in most studies affects black households less than white households. Further, using the Oaxaca decomposition, our results show that economic freedom is an important factor explaining the gap between black and white household incomes.

scholarly journals Econometric Model for Identifying Factors of Income Differentiation of the Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Irina A. Karpuhno ◽  
Dania A. Guchmazova
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Maximum Extent ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Purpose of the study. On the basis of the construction of a multifactorial econometric model, it is necessary to identify the factors of income differentiation of the population. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are set: 1) to propose a typology of factors of household income differentiation; 2) on the basis of correlation analysis, to assess the closeness of the relationship between the average income of the population and those statistical indicators that maximally reflect the level of formation, the content and nature of the factors’ influence of household income differentiation; 3) using a step-by-step regression analysis algorithm to construct an econometric model to quantify the relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the income of the population.Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, the authors used information from the website of the Federal State Statistics Service, analytical statistical materials, scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists. The following methods were used in the paper: system analysis method (to develop a typology of factors for differentiating household income); the method of economic and mathematical modeling (when building an econometric model to quantify the relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the income of the population).Results. The classification of the factors of differentiation of household incomes was carried out according to three criteria: the level of formation, the content and nature of the influence of the factors. Four groups of statistical indicators have been formed, which, to the maximum extent, are the essence of the factors of income differentiation. An analysis of the correlation coefficients indicates a close relationship between the average income of the population of the Russian Federation regions and the overwhelming majority of statistical indicators. Assessment of the statistical significance of the regression coefficients made it possible to identify those indicators with which the indicator of the average income of the population has a significant quantitative dependence, namely: retail trade turnover per capita; the volume of personal services per capita; average monthly nominal accrued wages; the value of the subsistence minimum. This made it possible to build a four-factor econometric model.Conclusion. A typology of factors of household incomes’ differentiation is proposed, which combines such classification features as: the level of formation, the content and nature of the influence of factors. Those statistical indicators that reflect to the maximum extent the level of formation, content and nature of the influence of the previously considered factors of income differentiation on the level of income of the population are selected and grouped according to the corresponding criterion. Based on the correlation analysis, an assessment of the closeness of the relationship between the average income of the population and statistical indicators reflecting the factors of income differentiation was carried out. Using the algorithm of stepby-step regression analysis, a multivariate econometric model was built, which made it possible to identify a quantitative relationship between the factors of income differentiation and the average income of the population.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Health Outcomes and Household Socio-Economics Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6A) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Steven Henry Dunga
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Model ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Characteristics ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Demand Structure ◽  
The Relationship

The economic circumstance of a household is in most cases linked to the varied situations a household may find itself income is to a greater extent linked to the housing and food that a household is exposed to. Income among other socio-economic factors may also affect the demand structure of the household in terms of what the household may consider necessary or not. The level of household demand for health services and its preventive level may also be associated with other household characteristics especially those associated with the head of the household. This paper analysed the relationship between the morbidity rate in a household and the household characteristics and the characteristics of the head of household. The paper uses data collected in the South African general household survey published in 2017 conducted by Statistics South Africa. Based on a sample of 21601 households, the study employs a multinomial logistic model with the level of morbidity rate categorised into a high level, mild, and low. The results of the empirical analysis show that Household size, the gender of head of household, housing insecurity status age of head of household and income were significant determinants of morbidity rate at the household level. The contribution of the paper is therefore a proposal for preventive mitigation as opposed to treatment which tends to be more expensive on government. The fact that housing insecurity is a competing need with health demand calls for better alignment in terms of government, provision of health services in South Africa. This paper is motivated by the initiative of the introduction of a national health Insurance (NHI) is South Africa.

The Driving Forces of Rising Inequality in Spain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ayala ◽  
Olga Cantó
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Macroeconomic Fluctuations ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes the major changes in the Spanish economy over the period since the late 1970s and how these gave rise to the trends in inequality and household incomes it tracks. The substantial increases in real wages and incomes over the period, and how these differed over different sub-periods in the context of macroeconomic fluctuations, are emphasized. The changes in employment at individual and household level that took place alongside significant developments in the tax and transfer systems are brought out as major factors underpinning household income change. The contrast between the growth registered in the decades up to the economic Crisis and the severity of the recession it brought on is highlighted, and the extent of the impact of the recession on employment and household incomes is driven home.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood disparities in the price of the cheapest cigarettes in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 894-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah D Mills ◽  
Shelley D Golden ◽  
Lisa Henriksen ◽  
Amanda Y Kong ◽  
Tara L Queen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThere is evidence that the cheapest cigarettes cost even less in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of youth, racial/ethnic minorities and low-income residents. This study examined the relationship between the price of the cheapest cigarette pack and neighbourhood demographics in a representative sample of tobacco retailers in the USA.MethodsData collectors recorded the price of the cheapest cigarette pack (regardless of brand) in 2069 retailers in 2015. Multilevel linear modelling examined the relationship between price and store neighbourhood (census tract) characteristics, specifically median household income and percentage of youth, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic residents.ResultsAverage price for the cheapest pack was $5.17 (SD=1.73) and it was discounted in 19.7% of stores. The price was $0.04 less for each SD increase in the percentage of youth and $0.22 less in neighbourhoods with the lowest as compared with the highest median household incomes. Excluding excise taxes, the average price was $2.48 (SD=0.85), and associations with neighbourhood demographics were similar.ConclusionThe cheapest cigarettes cost significantly less in neighbourhoods with a greater percentage of youth and lower median household income. Non-tax mechanisms to increase price, such as minimum price laws and restrictions on discounts/coupons, may increase cheap cigarette prices.

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