scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY IN THE LONG RUN

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (04) ◽  
pp. 781-804
Author(s):  
JONG-WHA LEE
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect

This study investigates the determinants of fertility using a panel data set for 43 countries from 1900 to 2010 at five-year intervals. The regression results show that fertility increases with infant mortality and national disasters and decreases with total years of educational attainment and political development. Fertility rates fall initially and then rise with an increase in income. Average years of schooling of females has a significantly negative effect on fertility rates, whereas that of males are statistically insignificant. A woman’s educational attainment at the primary and secondary levels has a pronounced negative effect on fertility rates. On the contrary, an increase in a woman’s tertiary educational attainment, with the level of a man’s remaining constant, tends to raise fertility rates, particularly in advanced countries, indicating that highly educated women can have a better environment for childrearing in a society with greater gender equality.

Does microfinance reduce poverty? Some international evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanda Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Sample Selection Bias ◽  
Data Set ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Poverty Indicators

AbstractIn this paper, the hypothesis that microfinance is an effective tool for reducing poverty at the macro level is tested using a unique cross-country panel data set from 106 countries for the period 1998–2013. Taking into account the potential problem of sample selection bias and endogeneity, this paper shows that microfinance has a negative effect on poverty. The results are robust to the choice of microfinance measures and poverty indicators. They suggest that in developing and emerging countries, the establishment of more MFIs should be encouraged, and more funds should be directed from development agencies and governments into MFIs, to reduce poverty.

Foreign Direct Investment Inward and Foreign Direct Investment Outward: Evidence from Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Tests with a Certain Number of Structural Changes

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1850125
Author(s):  
Nicholas Apergis
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Panel Unit Root ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cointegration Tests

This article examines empirically the association between foreign direct investment inward and foreign direct investment outward. Using a panel data set for 35 economies over the period 1981-2004 as well as the methodology of panel unit root and panel cointegration tests with a certain number of structural changes, the empirical findings show that FDI inward does exhibit a significant (long-run) relationship with FDI outward.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Charter Schools on Student Achievement: Evidence from North Carolina

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bifulco ◽  
Helen F. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Charter Schools ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Achievement Gains ◽  
Traditional Public Schools ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Using an individual panel data set to control for student fixed effects, we estimate the impact of charter schools on students in charter schools and in nearby traditional public schools. We find that students make considerably smaller achievement gains in charter schools than they would have in public schools. The large negative estimates of the effects of attending a charter school are neither substantially biased, nor substantially offset, by positive impacts of charter schools on traditional public schools. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that about 30 percent of the negative effect of charter schools is attributable to high rates of student turnover.

scholarly journals Impact of Taxation on Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Evidence Based on a New Data Set

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
André Gbato
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Zero Effect ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Test Impact

In this study, we empirically test impact of taxation on long-run growth of a sample of 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The results indicate a zero effect of taxation on long-run growth. Moreover, the results suggest a significant negative effect of indirect taxes and taxes on individuals in short term. Consequently, the use of taxation as an instrument of intervention is not appropriate in the region. The countries of the region could therefore increase their growth, if the design of fiscal policy rests solely on logic of fiscal neutrality.

scholarly journals The Impact of Accommodation Taxes on Outbound Travel Demand from the United Kingdom to European Destinations

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752090893
Author(s):  
Hedvig Heffer-Flaata ◽  
Augusto Voltes-Dorta ◽  
Pere Suau-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Despite the progressive introduction of accommodation taxes in many European cities, there is no consensus in the literature as to whether they have positive or negative effects. This may be related to the lack of estimates of the elasticity of visitor demand to accommodation taxes. To fill this gap, we carry out two panel-data regressions using a data set of airline travelers from UK cities to Spanish, French, and Italian destinations between 2012 and 2018. The results from the two-stage least squares regressions indicate that UK international travelers are indeed sensitive to hotel taxes. However, the impact of these taxes differs between peak and off-peak periods and across destination countries, with French destinations showing the most negative effect on visitor flows. The analysis of tax elasticities at a destination level also reveals the lack of a significant negative impact on visitor flows to major cities like Venice or Barcelona.

International Income Convergence to a Common Trend and Long Run Growth Estimation Using Economic Institutions of OECD Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Micah DelVecchio
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Convergence Estimates ◽  
Growth Estimation

In traditional studies of regional income convergence, the economies are assumed to follow a common long-run trend determined by common technology. For the group of OECD economies, this is a defensible assumption. In this paper, we estimate this long run component by recovering estimates of steady-state levels of output from the standard convergence estimates in a panel data set. We use institutional indicators to help estimate production technology. Results indicate that many OECD economies were above their steady states last decade, explaining the subsequent slower pace of long-run growth.

Does Clientelism Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from Panel Data

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ebney Ayaj Rana ◽  
Mustafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiscal Management ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional Dependence ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the determinants of income inequality in a panel of countries to provide empirical evidence to the relationship between income inequality and clientelism. Using different panel data techniques, especially group mean fully modified OLS estimator, and also allowing for control variables, cross-sectional heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, we find that in the long run, clientelism exerts a significant negative effect on income equality. The overall results of the study have implications for fiscal management strategies and political regime choice.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Zakat dan Kesempatan Kerja terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Aceh

Al-Muzara ah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Khairul Amri
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Effect Method

This study aims to analyze the effect of zakah revenues and job creation on poverty rates. Using a panel data set of 23 districts in Aceh for the period of 2011-2017, a fixed-effect method of the panel regression model and the Granger causality test was utilized to analyze the functional relationships between the three variables. The study found out that the zakah revenue and job creation have a negative and significant effect on poverty rates. However, the negative effect of job creation on poverty rates is greater than the negative effect of zakah revenues. The Granger causality test indicates that there is bidirectional causality between poverty rates and zakah revenues and between employment creation and poverty rates. Conversely, there is no causality between zakah revenues and job creations.

scholarly journals International Demand for Medical Tourism in Malaysia: Evidence from Panel Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1240-1255
Author(s):  
Norsiah Kadir ◽  
Sabri Nayan
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Responsible Investment ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
International Demand

The present paper attempts to investigate the significance influence of some selected economic variables on the international demand for medical tourism in Malaysia by utilizing Pooled Mean Group (PMG)/Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model based on panel data set of ASEAN-4 countries spanning from 2001 to 2017. Findings of the study indicate that the price of medical tourism, travelling cost, real per capita income, exchange rate and health expenditure are statistically significant in influencing international demand for medical tourism in Malaysia for both long run and short run. Moreover, price of tourism in the substitute destination (Indonesia) and inflation are also statistically significant in determining international demand for medical tourism in Malaysia in the short run. The findings are in line with the economic theory. Therefore, to attract more international medical tourists, Malaysia needs to maintain it price competitiveness relative to other substitute destinations in the region, reduce the transport cost as well as improve the quality of medical services provided. Besides, private operators and market participants should influence necessary changes in medical tourism framework to ensure that services are effective and efficient. Ultimately, market players in medical tourism sector should practice Sustainable Responsible Investment (SRI) with aim to stabilize between medical tourism development and social responsibility.

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