scholarly journals GENERALISED BPS CONDITIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (35) ◽  
pp. 1250202 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER WEST
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Higher Derivative ◽  
String Corrections ◽  
Strings And Branes ◽  
Low Levels

We write down two E11 invariant conditions which at low levels reproduce the known half BPS conditions for type II theories. These new conditions contain, in addition to the familiar central charges, an infinite number of further charges which are required in an underlying theory of strings and branes. We comment on the application of this work to higher derivative string corrections.

Relationship between uric acid and creatinine in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients: Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3412-3417
Author(s):  
Ranjit S. Ambad ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Lata Kanyal Butola ◽  
Nandkishor Bankar ◽  
Brij Raj Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Develop Type ◽  
Low Levels

Prediabetes is a glucose homeostasis condition characterized by decreased absorption to glucose or reduced fasting glucose. Both of these are reversible stages of intermediate hyperglycaemia providing an increased type II DM risk. Pre-diabetes can therefore be viewed as a significant reversible stage which could lead to type II DM, and early detection of prediabetes may contribute to type II DM prevention. Prediabetes patients are at high risk for potential type II diabetes, and 70 percent of them appear to develop Type II diabetes within 10 years. The present study includes total 200 subjects that include 100 Prediabetic patients, 50 T2DM patients and 50 healthy individual. Blood samples were collected from the subjects were obtained for FBS, PPBS, Uric acid and Creatinine estimation, from OPD and General Medicine Wards. Present study showed low levels of Serum Uric Acid in prediabetic and T2DM patients were decreased as compared to control group, while the level of creatinine in prediabetic and diabetic were elevated as compared to control group, were not statically significant. Serum Uric Acid was high in control group and low in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Serum creatinine was declined in control group and increased in prediabetic and diabetic patients with increasing Fasting blood glucose level.

scholarly journals A brief review of E theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (26) ◽  
pp. 1630043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter West
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Dynamical Equations ◽  
Supergravity Theory ◽  
Maximal Supergravity ◽  
Abdus Salam ◽  
Strings And Branes ◽  
Time Lead

I begin with some memories of Abdus Salam who was my PhD supervisor. After reviewing the theory of nonlinear realisations and Kac–Moody algebras, I explain how to construct the nonlinear realisation based on the Kac–Moody algebra [Formula: see text] and its vector representation. I explain how this field theory leads to dynamical equations which contain an infinite number of fields defined on a space–time with an infinite number of coordinates. I then show that these unique dynamical equations, when truncated to low level fields and the usual coordinates of space–time, lead to precisely the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity theory. By taking different group decompositions of [Formula: see text] we find all the maximal supergravity theories, including the gauged maximal supergravities, and as a result the nonlinear realisation should be thought of as a unified theory that is the low energy effective action for type II strings and branes. These results essentially confirm the [Formula: see text] conjecture given many years ago.

scholarly journals The Potential Effect of Aberrant Testosterone Levels on Common Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
Ali Alamdar Shah Syed ◽  
Lin He ◽  
Yongyong Shi
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Genetic Instruments

Testosterone has historically been linked to sexual dysfunction; however, it has recently been shown to affect other physical and mental attributes. We attempted to determine whether changes in serum testosterone could play a role in chronic or degenerative diseases. We used two separate genetic instruments comprising of variants from JMJD1C and SHBG regions and conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization for type II diabetes (T2D), gout, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease and depression. For the JMJD1C locus, one unit increase in log transformed testosterone was significantly associated with RA (OR = 1.69, p = 0.02), gout (OR = 0.469, p = 0.001) and T2D (OR = 0.769, p = 0.048). Similarly, one unit increase in log transformed testosterone using variants from the SHBG locus was associated with depression (OR = 1.02, p = 0.001), RA (OR = 1.32, p < 0.001) and T2D (OR = 0.88, p = 0.003). Our results show that low levels of serum testosterone levels may cause gout and T2D, while higher than normal levels of testosterone may result in RA and depression. Our findings suggest that fluctuations in testosterone levels may have severe consequences that warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals N = 2 type II-heterotic duality and higher-derivative F-terms

1995 ◽  
Vol 455 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Antoniadis ◽  
E. Gava ◽  
K.S. Narain ◽  
T.R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii ◽  
Higher Derivative ◽  
Heterotic Duality

scholarly journals Paradoxically Low Levels of Total and HMW Adiponectin in Relation to Metabolic Parameters in a Tongan Population

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Peake ◽  
Stephen Colagiuri ◽  
Lesley V. Campbell ◽  
Yvonne Shen
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hmw Adiponectin ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Homogenous Population

Aim. Adiponectin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitising properties, and low circulating levels may be an important risk factor for diabetes. We examined levels of adiponectin and its insulin-sensitising HMW isoform and their relationship with metabolic parameters in Tongans, a population prone to type II diabetes. Methods. Adiponectin and its HMW isoform were quantitated by Elisa in specimens from a randomly recruited, multistage cluster population survey of Tongans and from a group of Caucasians. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were collected on each subject. Results. Both male and female Tongans had lower levels of total and HMW adiponectin than their Caucasian counterparts. Levels of total and HMW adiponectin were higher in females than males in each group. Adiponectin levels were inversely related to BMI, weight, and HOMA in Tongan males and females, as well as to dyslipidemia in both sexes. Conclusion. Tongans had lower levels of both total and HMW adiponectin than Caucasians population, even after matching Tongans to their Caucasian counterparts based on BMI, age, and sex. These findings may reflect differences in body composition between the populations not adequately assessed by BMI, lifestyle factors, or a genetic variant likely in a genetically homogenous population.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone, insulin, and glucocorticoids are sufficient to support chondrocyte differentiation to hypertrophy: a serum-free analysis.

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Quarto ◽  
G Campanile ◽  
R Cancedda ◽  
B Dozin
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Hypertrophic Chondrocytes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type X Collagen ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Complete Cell

Chondrocytes from chicken embryo tibia can be maintained in culture as adherent cells in Coon's modified Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% FCS. In this condition, they dedifferentiate, losing type II collagen expression in favor of type I collagen synthesis. Their differentiation to hypertrophy can be obtained by transferring them to suspension culture. Differentiation is evidenced by the shift from type I to type II and type IX collagen synthesis and the following predominant expression of type X collagen, all markers of specific stages of the differentiation process. To identify the factors required for differentiation, we developed a serum-free culture system where only the addition of triiodothyronine (T3; 10(-11) M), insulin (60 ng/ml), and dexamethasone (10(-9) M) to the F-12 medium was sufficient to obtain hypertrophic chondrocytes. In this hormonal context, chondrocytes display the same changes in the pattern of protein synthesis as described above. For proper and complete cell maturation, T3 and insulin concentrations cannot be modified. Insulin cannot be substituted by insulin-like growth factor-I, but dexamethasone concentration can be decreased to 10(-12) M without chondrogenesis being impaired. In the latter case, the expression of type X collagen and its mRNA are inversely proportional to dexamethasone concentration. When ascorbic acid is added to the hormone-supplemented medium, differentiating chondrocytes organize their matrix leading to a cartilage-like structure with hypertrophic chondrocytes embedded in lacunae. However, this structure does not present detectable calcification, at variance with control cultures maintained in FCS. Accordingly, in the presence of the hormone mixture, the differentiating chondrocytes have low levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. This report indicates that T3 and insulin are primary factors involved in the onset and progression of chondrogenesis, while dexamethasone supports cell viability and modulates some differentiated functions.

scholarly journals Antithrombin glycoforms from type II antithrombin deficient patients selectively adsorb onto the surface of plasma extracellular vesicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Radeghieri ◽  
Silvia Alacqua ◽  
Andrea Zendrini ◽  
Vanessa Previcini ◽  
Francesca Todaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
2D Electrophoresis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Physicochemical Features ◽  
Plasma Phase ◽  
Low Levels

AT is a glycoprotein produced by the liver and acts as the most important antagonist of clotting factors. A deficit in AT production or function leads to coagulation disorders. Two kinds of AT deficiencies are reported, named quantitative (or type I) and qualitative (or type II) defects. The first is characterized by low levels of AT in the bloodstream, the latter by impaired AT activity related to dysfunctional domains of AT and it is challenging to diagnose. Although being a soluble protein, evidence of AT transported by plasma EVs has been found but the physicochemical features of the association of AT to EVs are missing. We separated and characterized EVs from the plasma of healthy subjects, focusing on AT association. We found AT is localized on the external leaflet of the EV membrane. Furthermore, 2D-electrophoresis conducted on plasma and EVs of healthy subjects highlighted that specific AT glycoforms are selectively enriched onto the EVs with respect to whole plasma, suggesting that glycosylation plays a role in the partitioning of AT between the EV surface and liquid plasma phase, and ultimately on the EV exofacial topology. Finally, we separated EVs from the plasma of 8 patients affected by type II AT defect. The comparison of the AT 2D-electrophoretic pattern of patients and healthy subjects highlighted a difference in AT adsorption onto EV surface, supporting the role of EVs in coagulation and suggesting a promising approach to improve diagnosis and management of type II AT deficiencies.

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