scholarly journals NEW SUPERSTRING ISOMETRIES AND HIDDEN DIMENSIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (29) ◽  
pp. 5301-5323 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIMITRI POLYAKOV
Keyword(s):  
Extra Dimension ◽  
Isometry Group ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Symmetry Transformations ◽  
Noncritical Strings ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Symmetry Generators ◽  
Special Space

We study the hierarchy of hidden space–time symmetries of noncritical strings in RNS formalism, realized nonlinearly. Under these symmetry transformations the variation of the matter part of the RNS action is canceled by that of the ghost part. These symmetries, referred to as the α-symmetries, are induced by special space–time generators, violating the equivalence of ghost pictures. We classify the α-symmetry generators in terms of superconformal ghost cohomologies Hn ~ H-n-2(n≥0) and associate these generators with a chain of hidden space–time dimensions, with each ghost cohomology Hn ~ H-n-2 "contributing" an extra dimension. Namely, we show that each ghost cohomology Hn ~ H-n-2 of noncritical superstring theory in d-dimensions contains d+n+1 α-symmetry generators and the generators from Hk ~ H-k-2, 1≤k ≤n, combined together, extend the space–time isometry group from the naive SO (d, 2) to SO (d+n, 2). In the simplest case of n = 1 the α-generators are identified with the extra symmetries of the 2T-physics formalism, also known to originate from a hidden space–time dimension.

scholarly journals The effects of quantum spectrum of 4 + n-dimensional water around a DNA on pure water in four dimensional universe

Open Physics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 831-838
Author(s):  
Massimo Fioranelli ◽  
Alireza Sepehri ◽  
Maria Grazia Roccia ◽  
Mahdieh Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
String Theory ◽  
Extra Dimension ◽  
Extra Dimensions ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Open Strings ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Quantum Spectrum

Abstract Recently, a method for calculating the quantum spectrum of black holes has been proposed. We show that this method can be applied for radiations of 4 + n - dimensional water around a DNA. In this model, DNA acts like a black hole and produces a curved space-time in a water around it. In these conditions, molecules of water in four dimensional universe are entangled with some DNA-like structures in extra dimension. Consequently, the effects of structures of water in extra dimensions can be observed in four dimensions. The entangled structures emit some quantum spectrum which can be transmitted to pure waters. These waves produce a curved space-time in pure water and make an entanglement between structure of water on four and DNA-like structures in extra dimensions. As a result, some signatures of DNAs can be observed in pure water. This model helps us to understand the reason for the emergence of life on the earth. To explain the model better, we unify Darwin’s theory with string theory in a new Darwinian’s string theory. In this theory, a zero dimensional manifold decays into two types of closed strings. One type decays into open strings and then these strings join to each other and form cosmos. Another type decays into open strings which form biological matters like DNAs and molecules of water in universe and anti-DNAs and anti-water in anti-universe. Thus, DNAs and molecules water are connected to each other and anti-DNAs and molecules of anti-water in anti-universe through some closed strings. These strings helps to molecules of water to store their informations in extra dimension and have long time memory. Because, information that are transformed into extra dimensions through closed strings, could be returned into universe. Also, these closed strings could have the main role in DNA transduction. Because, they connect two tubes one including water and DNA and another pure water in universe to two tubes including anti-DNA and water in anti-universe and transform properties of DNA into pure water. As a result, Darwinian string theory can confirm both water memory and DNA transduction. Finally, this theory response to this question that why memory of water couldnt remain for a long time. In this model, open strings which connects atoms in universe with anti-atoms in anti-universe interact with open strings which connects molecules of water and anti-water and decrease their entanglement. This causes that exchanging information between water and anti-water decreases and memory is dis-appeared.

scholarly journals POLYHOMOGENEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS WITHOUT CORNER CONDITIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIOTR T. CHRUŚCIEL ◽  
SZYMON ŁȨSKI
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Nonlinear Wave Equations ◽  
Linear Wave ◽  
Cauchy Problems ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Wave Maps ◽  
Corner Conditions

The study of Einstein equations leads naturally to Cauchy problems with initial data on hypersurfaces which closely resemble hyperboloids in Minkowski space-time, and with initial data with polyhomogeneous asymptotics, that is, with asymptotic expansions in terms of powers of ln r and inverse powers of r. Such expansions also arise in the conformal method for analysing wave equations in odd space-time dimension. In recent work it has been shown that for non-linear wave equations, or for wave maps, polyhomogeneous initial data lead to solutions which are also polyhomogeneous provided that an infinite hierarchy of corner conditions holds. In this paper we show that the result is true regardless of corner conditions.

In quest of higher dimensions – Superstring Theory and the Calabi – Yau manifolds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Keyword(s):  
String Theory ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Klein Theory ◽  
Relative Notion ◽  
Definition Of

Higher dimensions are impossible to visualize as the size of dimension varies inversely proportional to its level. The more the dimension ranges, the least its size. We are a set of points living in a particular point of space and a particular frame of time. i.e, we live in space-time. The space has more dimensions that meets the human eye. We are living in a world of hyper-space. Our world being a smaller dimension is floating in higher dimensions. The quest for the visually of higher dimensions has been a fantasy to mankind but this aspect of nature is completely locked. We can transform dimensions i.e., from higher to lower dimensions, or from lower to higher dimensions, but only through mathematics. The relative notion of mathematics helps us to do the thing, which is perhaps impossible in the experimental part of physical reality. Humans being an element of 3 Dimensions – length, breath, height can only perceive one higher dimensions, that is space-time. but beyond that the notion of dimension itself changes. The dimensions got curled up in every intersection of the coordinates of space in such a way that the higher dimensions remain stable to us. But in reality it is highly unstable. In the higher dimensions, above 4, the space is tearing apart and joining again spontaneously, but the tearing portion itself covered by 2 dimensional Branes which acts as a stabilizer for the unstable dimensions. Dimensions will get smaller and smaller with the space-time interwoven in it. But at Planks length that is 10^-33 meter, the notion of space-time itself breaks down thereby making impossible for the higher dimensions to coexist along with space. Without space, there will be no identity of any dimension. The space itself is the fabric for the milestone of residing higher dimensions. Imagine our room, which is 3 dimensional. But what is there inside the room. The space and of course the time. Space-time being a totally separate entity is not quite separate when compared with other dimensions because it makes the residing place for the higher dimensions or the hyperspace itself. We all are confined within a lower dimensional world within a randomness of higher dimensions. Time being alike like space is an arrow which has the capability of slicing space into different forms. Thereby taking a snapshot of our every nano-second we vibrate within space-time. As each slice of time represents each slice of space, similarly each slice of space represents each slice of time. The nature of space-time is beyond human consciousness. It is the identity by which we breathe, we play, we survive. It is the whole localization of species that encompasses itself with space thereby making space-time a relative quantity depending upon the reference frame. The only thing that can encompass space-time or even change the relative definition of space-time is the speed, the speed far beyond the speed of light. The more the speed, the less the array of time flows. Space-time being an invisible entity makes the other dimensions visible residing in it only into the level of 3, that is l, b, h. After that there is a infamous structure formed by the curling of higher dimensions called CALABI-YAU manifold. This manifold depicts the usual nature of the dimensional quadrants of the higher order by containing a number of small spherical spheres inside it. The mathematics of string theory is still unable to solve the genus and the containing spheres of the manifold which can be the ultimate quest for the hidden dimensions. Hidden, as, the higher dimensions are hidden from human perspective of macro level but if we probe deeper into the fabric of the space-time of General Relativity then we will find the 5th dimension according to the Kaluza-Klein theory. And if we probe even deeper into it at the perspective of string theory we will be amazed to see the real nature of quantum world. They are so marvelously beautiful, they contain so many forms of higher dimensions ranging from 6 to 10. And even many more of that, but we are still not sure about it where they may exist in a ghost state. After all, the quantum nature is far more beautiful that one can even imagine with a full faze of weirdness.

scholarly journals GHOST COHOMOLOGIES AND HIDDEN SPACE–TIME SYMMETRIES

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 2441-2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIMITRI POLYAKOV
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Vertex Operators ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Global Space ◽  
Brst Invariance ◽  
Time Transformations

We observe and study new nonlinear global space–time symmetries of the full ghost + matter action of RNS superstring theory. We show that these surprising new symmetries are generated by the special worldsheet currents (physical vertex operators) of RNS superstring theory, violating the equivalence of superconformal ghost pictures. We review the questions of BRST-invariance and nontriviality of picture-dependent vertex operators and show their relation to hidden space–time symmetries and hidden space–time dimensions. In particular, we relate the space–time transformations, induced by picture-dependent currents, to the symmetries observed in the 2T physics approach.

scholarly journals Hypergeometric presentation for one-loop contributing to H → Z γ

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khiem Hong Phan ◽  
Dzung Tri Tran
Keyword(s):  
Hypergeometric Functions ◽  
Decay Channel ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Higgs Decay ◽  
Arbitrary Space ◽  
First Time ◽  
Loop Form

Abstract In this paper, new analytic formulas for one-loop contributing to Higgs decay channel $H \rightarrow Z\gamma$ are presented in terms of hypergeometric functions. The calculations are performed by following the technique for tensor one-loop reduction developed in [A. I. Davydychev, Phys. Lett. B 263 (1991) 107]. For the first time, one-loop form factors for the decay process are shown which are valid at arbitrary space–time dimension $d$.

Spinning strings of the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond type in 3, 4, 6, and 10 space-time dimensions

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-446
Author(s):  
S B Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Lagrangian Density ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Coordinate Space ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Light Cone Gauge ◽  
Fermionic Sector

A model of a spinning string with an internal coordinate index is proposed and studied. When the action for this model is taken to be diagonal in this internal coordinate space and quantized in the light-cone gauge it is found to be Lorentz covariant in four-dimensional space-time provided that the internal coordinate space is four dimensional.This combination of space-time dimension, D, and internal coordinate space dimension, N, is just one of four possible sets, the other three corresponding to D = 3, 6, and 10, precisely the same values for which it is possible to formulate Yang-Mills theories with simple supersymmetry. By comparing the number of propagating degrees of freedom at the zero-mass level in the open string bosonic and fermionic sectors it is found that a supersymmetric interpretation of this model is possible provided that all physical states in the bosonic sector have even G-parity and the ground-state spin or in the fermionic sector have positive chirality. A possible interpretation of the connection betweenthe N components of each of the D space-time coordinates is presentedon the basis that the space-time coordinates are scalars in the internal coordinate space. This interpretation would appear to be reasonable given the fact that the field variables in the Lagrangian density do not necessarily have to represent physically measurable quantities but can, instead, only represent physically measurable quantities when combined in some manner, the simplest of which being a linear combination. The Lagrangian density simply produces the equations of motion and the constraint equations for the independent variables, only linear combinations of which represent the four dimensions of physical space-time.PACS Nos.: 11.17.+y, 11.10.Qr, 1.30.Cp, 11.30.Pb

Renormalization and the space-time dimension

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Butera ◽  
G. M. Cicuta ◽  
E. Montaldi
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Time Dimension

The Superstring Propagator and the Signature of Space-Time

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 987-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Apparent Horizon ◽  
Scalar Particle ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Functional Integral ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Hamiltonian Constraint ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Higher Derivative

The Faddeev (Newton–Wigner) propagator K for the heterotic superstring theory is derived from the Wheeler–DeWitt equation for the wave function of the Universe Ψ, obtained in the four-dimensional (mini-superspace) Friedmann space-time ds2=dt2-a2(t)dx2, after reduction from the ten-action. The effect of higher-derivative terms ℛ2 is to break the local invariance under time reparametrization to a global symmetry t→λt, and consequently there are no ghost or gauge-fixing contributions, a functional integral over the (constant) Lagrange multiplier λ being sufficient to enforce the Hamiltonian constraint implicitly. After Wick rotation of the time, [Formula: see text], the only physically acceptable solution for K decreases exponentially on the Planck time-scale ~ t P , explaining from the quantum cosmological viewpoint why the signature of space-time is Lorentzian rather than Euclidean. This is analogous to the case of the (two-dimensional) free relativistic scalar particle, discussed recently by Redmount and Suen, who found that the propagator decreases exponentially outside the light-cone on the scale of the Compton wavelength of the particle (in accordance with the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle). These two seemingly different forms of acausality are thus physically excluded in the same way. The propagator for the Schwarzschild black hole of mass M is also obtained from the Schrödinger equation for the wave function on the apparent horizon, due to Tomimatsu, and the Hawking temperature T H =(8π M)-1 is derived from the Euclidean form of this equation.

scholarly journals Phase Transition and Entropy Force between Two Horizons in (n+2)-Dimensional de Sitter Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Wen-qi Wang ◽  
Yu-bo Ma ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Black Holes ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
De Sitter Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Cosmic Expansion

In this paper, the effect of the space-time dimension on effective thermodynamic quantities in (n+2)-dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter space has been studied. Based on derived effective thermodynamic quantities, conditions for the phase transition are obtained. The result shows that the accelerating cosmic expansion can be attained by the entropy force arisen from the interaction between horizons of black holes and our universe, which provides a possible way to explain the physical mechanism for the accelerating cosmic expansion.

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