scholarly journals FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERICCO2GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 275-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERHARD GERLICH ◽  
RALF D. TSCHEUSCHNER
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Planetary Atmosphere ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Cavity Radiation ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Physical Principles

The atmospheric greenhouse effect, an idea that many authors trace back to the traditional works of Fourier (1824), Tyndall (1861), and Arrhenius (1896), and which is still supported in global climatology, essentially describes a fictitious mechanism, in which a planetary atmosphere acts as a heat pump driven by an environment that is radiatively interacting with but radiatively equilibrated to the atmospheric system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, such a planetary machine can never exist. Nevertheless, in almost all texts of global climatology and in a widespread secondary literature, it is taken for granted that such a mechanism is real and stands on a firm scientific foundation. In this paper, the popular conjecture is analyzed and the underlying physical principles are clarified. By showing that (a) there are no common physical laws between the warming phenomenon in glass houses and the fictitious atmospheric greenhouse effects, (b) there are no calculations to determine an average surface temperature of a planet, (c) the frequently mentioned difference of 33° is a meaningless number calculated wrongly, (d) the formulas of cavity radiation are used inappropriately, (e) the assumption of a radiative balance is unphysical, (f) thermal conductivity and friction must not be set to zero, the atmospheric greenhouse conjecture is falsified.

COMMENT ON "FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CO2 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS"

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1309-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSHUA B. HALPERN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER M. COLOSE ◽  
CHRIS HO-STUART ◽  
JOEL D. SHORE ◽  
ARTHUR P. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Surface Cool ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Complete Process

In this journal, Gerhard Gerlich and Ralf D. Tscheuschner claim to have falsified the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect.1 Here, we show that their methods, logic, and conclusions are in error. Their most significant errors include trying to apply the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to only one side of a heat transfer process rather than the entire process, and systematically ignoring most non-radiative heat flows applicable to the Earth's surface and atmosphere. They claim that radiative heat transfer from a colder atmosphere to a warmer surface is forbidden, ignoring the larger transfer in the other direction which makes the complete process allowed. Further, by ignoring heat capacity and non-radiative heat flows, they claim that radiative balance requires that the surface cool by 100 K or more at night, an obvious absurdity induced by an unphysical assumption. This comment concentrates on these two major points, while also taking note of some of Gerlich and Tscheuschner's other errors and misunderstandings.

scholarly journals Physical principles of membrane organization

1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Israelachvili ◽  
S. Marčelja ◽  
R. G. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Energy Transduction ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical Principles

Membranes are the most common cellular structures in both plants and animals. They are now recognized as being involved in almost all aspects of cellular activity ranging from motility and food entrapment in simple unicellular organisms, to energy transduction, immunorecognition, nerve conduction and biosynthesis in plants and higher organisms. This functional diversity is reflected in the wide variety of lipids and particularly of proteins that compose different membranes. An understanding of the physical principles that govern the molecular organization of membranes is essential for an understanding of their physiological roles since structure and function are much more interdependent in membranes than in, say, simple chemical reactions in solution. We must recognize, however, that the word ‘understanding’ means different things in different disciplines, and nowhere is this more apparent than in this multidisciplinary area where biology, chemistry and physics meet.

Analysis of cubic gravity through cosmic aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 2050134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Khan ◽  
Shamaila Rani ◽  
Abdul Jawad ◽  
G. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Hubble Parameter ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Observational Constraints ◽  
Eos Parameter ◽  
Generalized Second Law ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Almost All

In the context of cubic gravity for flat FRW metric we discuss the behavior of cosmological parameters (equation of state (EoS) parameter and square speed of sound) at Hubble horizon with the four different models of Hubble parameter. We observe the validity of generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) and thermal equilibrium condition. It is found that cosmological parameters lie within the observational constraints. Also, GSLT and thermal equilibrium condition holds in almost all cases of Hubble parameter.

Propaedeutic Acquaintance of Fourth-Grade Pupils with Physics

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
В. Картунов ◽  
V. Kartunov
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
General Level ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Physics Course ◽  
Physical Principles

The article discusses the problem of the discrepancy between the logic of constructing the content of the subjects of the natural science cycle for the most sensitive periods of development of modern children of primary school age, which hinders the physically substantiated understanding of the phenomena of the surrounding world by students, the formation of scientific thinking and cognitive experience, and does not meet their cognitive interests. Resolution of this problem the author sees in the use of elective courses on which there is an earlier acquaintance of younger schoolchildren with the physical principles and which is a basis for all natural phenomena and actions of technical systems. The technique developed by the author for conducting a propaedeutic elective “On the way to physics” for pupils of the fourth grade, suggesting the possibility of sensory perception by children of the actions of physical laws, active participation in experiments, mini-studies is described. An analysis of the results of the elective has shown that this methodological approach allows to ensure continuity in the teaching of the physics course between the primary and secondary levels of schooling, to increase the general level of training of the primary school graduate.

scholarly journals Concerning an Algorithmic Approach to Euclidian Geometry and Everettian Quantum Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Euclidian Geometry ◽  
Interpretation Of Quantum Theory ◽  
Wave Emission ◽  
Physical Principles

Abstract We introduce an algorithmic approach to Euclidian geometry6 which provides an experimental framework involving Euclidean constructions and deconstructions thus enabling a foundation2,12 for testing Everett’s interpretation of quantum theory4,5. We contend that the cosmos be modelled as the advance in space time until some event occurs leading to the termination of some phenomenon, in the sense of the algorithmic halting problem14. Our approach involves iterative geometrical constructions using Euclid’s proposition 3 which are equivalent to a Turing machine. Our conjecture is that the postulates of Euclidean geometry, for which we require particular extensions to postulates 2 and 310, are physical principles, and also that our algorithmic approach is identical to quantum theory4,5. We suggest that our conjecture concerning quantum theory and the second law of thermodynamics is that they are mutually dependent, this too being a principle. We suggest a unifying theory for gravitation and sub atomic particles2,7,11,12. We propose a new experiment: the investigation of anomalies in astronomical observations with as example the phenomenon of black holes disappearing when galaxies collide with or without gravitational wave emission8.

scholarly journals Probability, preclusion and biological evolution in Heisenberg-picture Everett quantum mechanics

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150117
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Everett Interpretation ◽  
Heisenberg Picture ◽  
Physical Laws

The fact that certain “extraordinary” probabilistic phenomena — in particular, macroscopic violations of the second law of thermodynamics — have never been observed to occur can be accounted for by taking hard preclusion as a basic physical law, i.e. precluding from existence events corresponding to very small but nonzero values of quantum-mechanical weight. This approach is not consistent with the usual ontology of the Everett interpretation, in which outcomes correspond to branches of the state vector, but can be successfully implemented using a Heisenberg-picture-based ontology in which outcomes are encoded in transformations of operators. Hard preclusion can provide an explanation for biological evolution, which can in turn explain our subjective experiences of, and reactions to, “ordinary” probabilistic phenomena, and the compatibility of those experiences and reactions with what we conventionally take to be objective probabilities arising from physical laws.

scholarly journals A General Solution to the Different Formulations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi
Keyword(s):  
General Solution ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
New Approach ◽  
General Physics ◽  
Classical Thermodynamics ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Energy Components

The second law of thermodynamics is one of the most important physical laws that has been extracted by different formulations. In this paper, a new approach to study different formulations of the second law is extracted based on the energy components of the system as well as introducing the independent and dependent energy components concepts. Also, two main formulations of classical thermodynamics, and also entropy from the perspective of general physics are discussed based on the energy components of the system for constant applied energy to the system in different conditions. Kelvin-Plank and Clausius formulations, as two main classical formulations, are all assertions about impossible processes. Considering the energy structure equation of the system, as an equation to formulate the performed process using activated energy components, it is shown that different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics represent the same concept in the perspective of the energy structure. Finally, a new general formulation to the second law, based on the energy structure of the system is extracted, and the equivalence as the other formulations is shown. The presented formulation is extracted based on the dependent and independent activated energy components, and in fact, shows all possible paths in the considered energy applying to the system.

What’s Wrong with This Picture?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jim Baggott
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
Microscopic World ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

Despite its intuitive appeal, classical mechanics is just as fraught with conceptual difficulties and problems of interpretation as its quantum replacement. The problems just happen to be rather less obvious, and so more easily overlooked or ignored. Quantum mechanics was born not only from the failure wrought by trying to extend classical physical principles into the microscopic world of atoms and molecules, but also from the failure of some of its most familiar and cherished concepts. To set the scene and prepare for what follows, this Prologue highlights some of the worst offenders, including: space and time; force and energy; the troublesome concept of mass; light waves and the ether; and atoms and the second law of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals REPLY TO "COMMENT ON 'FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CO2 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS' BY JOSHUA B. HALPERN, CHRISTOPHER M. COLOSE, CHRIS HO-STUART, JOEL D. SHORE, ARTHUR P. SMITH, JÖRG ZIMMERMANN"

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERHARD GERLICH ◽  
RALF D. TSCHEUSCHNER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Fundamental Physical

It is shown that the notorious claim by Halpern et al. recently repeated in their comment that the method, logic, and conclusions of our "Falsification Of The CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics" would be in error has no foundation. Since Halpern et al. communicate our arguments incorrectly, their comment is scientifically vacuous. In particular, it is not true that we are "trying to apply the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to only one side of a heat transfer process rather than the entire process" and that we are "systematically ignoring most non-radiative heat flows applicable to Earth's surface and atmosphere". Rather, our falsification paper discusses the violation of fundamental physical and mathematical principles in 14 examples of common pseudo-derivations of fictitious greenhouse effects that are all based on simplistic pictures of radiative transfer and their obscure relation to thermodynamics, including but not limited to those descriptions (a) that define a "Perpetuum Mobile Of The 2nd Kind", (b) that rely on incorrectly calculated averages of global temperatures, (c) that refer to incorrectly normalized spectra of electromagnetic radiation. Halpern et al. completely missed an exceptional chance to formulate a scientifically well-founded antithesis. They do not even define a greenhouse effect that they wish to defend. We take the opportunity to clarify some misunderstandings, which are communicated in the current discussion on the non-measurable, i.e., physically non-existing influence of the trace gas CO2 on the climates of the Earth.

scholarly journals Gone after one orbit: How cluster environments quench galaxies

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (4) ◽  
pp. 5370-5389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Lotz ◽  
Rhea-Silvia Remus ◽  
Klaus Dolag ◽  
Andrea Biviano ◽  
Andreas Burkert
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Galaxy Clusters ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
Orbital Evolution ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Velocity Anisotropy ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Satellite Galaxies ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT The effect of galactic orbits on a galaxy’s internal evolution within a galaxy cluster environment has been the focus of heated debate in recent years. To understand this connection, we use both the $(0.5 \,$Gpc)3 and the Gpc3 boxes from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation set Magneticum Pathfinder. We investigate the velocity anisotropy, phase space, and the orbital evolution of up to ∼5 × 105 resolved satellite galaxies within our sample of 6776 clusters with $M_{\mathrm{vir}}\,\, \gt\,\, 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ at low redshift, which we also trace back in time. In agreement with observations, we find that star-forming satellite galaxies inside galaxy clusters are characterized by more radially dominated orbits, independent of cluster mass. Furthermore, the vast majority of star-forming satellite galaxies stop forming stars during their first passage. We find a strong dichotomy both in line-of-sight and radial phase space between star-forming and quiescent galaxies, in line with observations. The tracking of individual orbits shows that the star formation of almost all satellite galaxies drops to zero within $1 \, \mathrm{Gyr}$ after infall. Satellite galaxies that are able to remain star forming longer are characterized by tangential orbits and high stellar mass. All this indicates that in galaxy clusters the dominant quenching mechanism is ram-pressure stripping.

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