TURKEY CORONAVIRUS: AN UPDATED REVIEW

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ning Chen ◽  
Ching Ching Wu ◽  
Tsang Long Lin
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Turkey Coronavirus ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
S Genes

Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) causes acute atrophic enteritis and uneven flock growth in turkey farms leading to economic loss. Since 1990's, turkey flocks have kept experiencing coronaviral enteritis sporadically in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Brazil. Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) caused by the co-infection of TCoV, astrovirus, and other viruses or bacteria resulted in significantly high mortality. Diagnosis of TCoV depends on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescent antibody assay and virus isolation (VI). Genomic organization of TCoV is as follows: 5′ UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-5a-5b-N-UTR 3′. Genomic analysis suggests the emergence of TCoV from infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) through the recombination of spike (S) gene. Both TCoV and IBV belong to species Avian coronavirus in genus Gammacoronavirus and have a single stranded RNA genome with a size about 27 kb. High similarity of S genes has been found between TCoV isolates in contrast to low similarity between IBV strains. TCoV infection induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses, characterized by high levels of antibody and interferon gamma. The fragment containing neutralizing epitopes in the S protein has been identified. Vaccines conferring protection against TCoV have not been developed and used in the fields but live attenuated, killed, DNA, and fowlpox virus vectored vaccines have been generated and their efficacies were evaluated. Molecular epidemiology of TCoV in recent outbreaks sheds more information on the evolution and transmission of TCoV, which will aid in developing effective vaccines or treatment to prevent, control, or eliminate TCoV infection.

scholarly journals A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milosz Faber ◽  
Elaine W. Lamirande ◽  
Anjeanette Roberts ◽  
Amy B. Rice ◽  
Hilary Koprowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein S ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Animal Reservoirs ◽  
S Genes

Foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (RV) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. In addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe RV-based vectors have been constructed. Here, an RV-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). For this approach, the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N) or envelope spike protein (S) genes were cloned between the RV glycoprotein G and polymerase L genes. Recombinant vectors expressing SARS-CoV N or S protein were recovered and their immunogenicity was studied in mice. A single inoculation with the RV-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV S protein induced a strong SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibody response. The ability of the RV-SARS-CoV S vector to confer immunity after a single inoculation makes this live vaccine a promising candidate for eradication of SARS-CoV in animal reservoirs, thereby reducing the risk of transmitting the infection to humans.

scholarly journals Limited Genetic Variability Among American Isolates of Grapevine virus E from Vitis spp.

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vargas-Asencio ◽  
M. Al Rwahnih ◽  
A. Rowhani ◽  
F. Celebi-Toprak ◽  
J. R. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New York ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleic Acid Binding ◽  
Grapevine Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Cdna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Binding Protein Gene

A survey for the presence of Grapevine virus E (GVE, genus Vitivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) in vineyards in New York and California was conducted using macroarray hybridization or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. In New York, GVE was detected in 10 of 46 vines of Vitis labrusca, one V. riparia, and one Vitis hybrid. All GVE-infected New York vines were coinfected with Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3. In California, GVE was detected in 8 of 417 vines of V. vinifera. All GVE-infected California vines were also coinfected by one of the leafroll-associated viruses and other vitiviruses. In order to assess the genetic diversity among GVE isolates, a viral cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR, and a 675-nucleotide region that included the 3′ terminus of the coat protein gene, a short intergenic region, and the 5′ terminus of the putative nucleic acid binding protein gene was sequenced. All 20 GVE isolates sequenced in this study were very closely related, with >98% nucleotide identity to the SA94 isolate from South Africa. These findings confirm the presence of GVE in major grape-growing regions of the United States and indicate a very low level of genetic diversity.

Torovirus detection in faecal specimens of calves and pigs in Hungary: Short communication

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Matiz ◽  
S. Kecskeméti ◽  
I. Kiss ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aetiological Agent ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Porcine Torovirus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Bovine torovirus is an established aetiological agent of disease in cattle, while porcine torovirus has only been isolated from healthy animals. Evidence for the presence of torovirus has been described in several European countries and also in the United States. A survey was performed to detect toroviruses in Hungary by means of sampling ten swine and nine bovine herds. Rectal swabs and faecal specimens were collected from diarrhoeic calves and from weaned piglets. The samples were tested by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using torovirus-specific primers and the positive samples were further examined by electron microscopy (EM). Torovirus was detected in 4 diarrhoeic calves (out of 111) and in 10 healthy weaned pigs (out of 200 tested), representing two of the 9 calf herds and two of the 10 pig herds tested. This is the first report of exact diagnosis of torovirus in Hungary.

scholarly journals Isolation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Primary cells of the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
M. H. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Virus Titration ◽  
Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase

The susceptibility of the primary chick embryo chorioallontoic membrane cells to infectious bronchitis virus was evaluated after twenty consecutive passages in chick embryo chorioallontoic membrane cells. Virus replication was monitored by cytopathic observation, indirect immunoperoxidase, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At 72 hours post-infection in third passage, the cytopathic effect was characterized by rounding up of cells, monolayer detachment, intracytoplasmic brownish colouration was readily observed by immunoperoxidase from 24hours p.i in third passage, and at all times the extracted viral RNA from IBV-infected monolayers was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Tissue culture ineffective dose50 (TCID50) was used to measure virus titration performed on primary chick embryo chorioallontoic membrane cells and the titre in twenty passage was 108.6 TCID50/ml. The results obtained in this study suggested that the primary chick embryo chorioallontoic membrane cells can be used for adaptation infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and may be considered a step forward for the use of these cells in the future for IBV vaccine production

scholarly journals Serological and RT-PCR surveillance for COVID-19 in an asymptomatic U.S. Army trainee population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Hakre ◽  
Aaron D Sanborn ◽  
Stephen W Krauss ◽  
Jennifer L Burns ◽  
Kenya N Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Current Test ◽  
Basic Combat Training ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
New Recruits

Abstract Background Significant variability exists in the application of infection control policy throughout the United States (U.S.) Army initial entry training environment. To generate actionable information for the prevention of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission among new recruits, active enhanced surveillance was conducted for evidence of and exposure to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Methods We serially tested recruits with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 and/or total antibody to SARS-CoV-2 tests at day 0, 14, and week 10 upon arrival for basic combat training at a location in the southern U.S. Results Among 1,403 recruits who were enrolled over a 6 week period from August 25 through October 11, 2020, 84 recruits tested positive by RT-PCR with more than half (55%, 46/84) testing positive at arrival and almost two-thirds (63%, 53/84) also testing seropositive at arrival. Similarly, among an overall 146 recruits who tested seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 during the period of observation, a majority (86%) of tested seropositive at arrival; no hospitalizations were observed among seropositive recruits and antibody response increased at week 10. Conclusions These findings suggest serological testing may complement current test-based measures and provide another tool to incorporate in COVID-19 mitigation measures among trainees in the U.S. Army.

scholarly journals Development of a Molecular Tool for the Diagnosis of Leprosis, a Major Threat to Citrus Production in the Americas

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane Cristina Locali ◽  
Juliana Freitas-Astua ◽  
Alessandra Alves de Souza ◽  
Marco Aurélio Takita ◽  
Gustavo Astua-Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
South American ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Tentative Member ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Genomic Regions

Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), a tentative member of the Rhabdoviridae family, affects citrus trees in Brazil, where it is transmitted by mites Brevipalpus spp. It also occurs in other South American countries and was recently identified in Central America. This northbound spread of CiLV is being considered a serious threat to the citrus industry of the United States. However, despite its importance, difficulties related to the biology of CiLV have hindered much of the progress regarding its accurate detection, leaving both the analyses of symptoms and electron microscopy as the only tools available. An attempt to overcome this problem was made by constructing a cDNA library from double-stranded RNA extracted from leprosis lesions of infected Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) leaves. After cloning and sequencing, specific primers were designed to amplify putative CiLV genome regions with similarity to genes encoding the movement protein and replicase of other plant viruses. RNA from infected citrus plants corresponding to different varieties and locations were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the two pairs of primers. Amplified products were purified, cloned in pGEM-T, and sequenced. The sequences confirmed the genomic regions previously associated with CiLV. The results demonstrate that RT-PCR was specific, accurate, rapid, and reliable for the detection of CiLV.

Approaches for the identification of potential excreted/secreted proteins ofLeishmania majorparasites

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CHENIK ◽  
S. LAKHAL ◽  
N. BEN KHALEF ◽  
L. ZRIBI ◽  
H. LOUZIR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Parasitophorous Vacuole ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Culture Supernatants

Leishmaniaparasites are able to survive in host macrophages despite the harsh phagolysosomal vacuoles conditions. This could reflect, in part, their capacity to secrete proteins that may play an essential role in the establishment of infection and serve as targets for cellular immune responses. To characterizeLeishmania majorproteins excreted/secreted early after promastigote entry into the host macrophage, we have generated antibodies against culture supernatants of stationary-phase promastigotes collected 6 h after incubation in conditions that partially reproduce those prevailing in the parasitophorous vacuole. The screening of anL. majorcDNA library with these antibodies led us to isolate 33 different cDNA clones that we report here. Sequence analysis revealed that the corresponding proteins could be classified in 3 groups: 9 proteins have been previously described as excreted/secreted inLeishmaniaand/or other species; 11 correspond to known proteins already characterized inLeishmaniaand/or other species although it is unknown whether they are excreted/secreted and 13 code for unknown proteins. Interestingly, the latter are transcribed as shown by RT-PCR and some of them are stage regulated. TheL. majorexcreted/secreted proteins may constitute putative virulence factors, vaccine candidates and/or new drug targets.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus in Tomato in Indonesia

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 872-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Th. J. Verhoeven ◽  
T. M. Willemen ◽  
J. W. Roenhorst ◽  
R. A. A. van der Vlugt
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus ◽  
Tomato Infectious Chlorosis Virus

In 2002, a breeding company submitted several samples of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) for diagnosis. Samples originated in Indonesia and were taken from protected and nonprotected crops. Plants exhibited severe chlorosis on fully expanded leaves, while young leaves were symptomless. Symptoms resembled those of the criniviruses Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV). Moreover, large numbers of whiteflies, potential vectors of these viruses, had been observed at the plots with symptomatic plants. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific primers for TICV (1) yielded amplicons of the expected size of approximately 500 bp for all samples. One of the amplicons was sequenced (Genbank Accession No. AY221097) and revealed more than 98.9% identity to six isolates of TICV in NCBI Genbank. cDNA synthesis using the universal crinivirus primer HSP_M2-DW (5′ -TCRAARGTWCCKCCNCCRAA-3′) followed by PCR with a ToCV specific primerset (ToCV-UP 5′-TCATTAAAACTCAATGGGACCGAG-3′ and ToCV-DW 5′-GCGACGT AAATTGAAACCC-3′) was negative in all cases. Grafting of symptomatic shoots onto healthy tomato seedlings of cv. Money-maker showed transmission of the virus, as chlorosis appeared on fully expanded leaves of lateral shoots after 6 weeks. The presence of TICV in the graft-inoculated plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. Furthermore, mechanical inoculation to a range of herbaceous test plants did not evoke any virus symptoms, indicating the absence of mechanically transmissible viruses. Although other nonmechanically transmissible viruses cannot be fully excluded, the results together with the symptoms observed, indicate that TICV is the cause of the disease. TICV has been reported from Greece, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the United States, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of TICV in Indonesia. Reference: (1) A. M. Vaira et al. Phytoparasitica 30:290, 2002.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Neighborhood Geomapping of COVID-19 in an Underserved Chicago Pregnant Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. e413-e416
Author(s):  
Catalin S. Buhimschi ◽  
Gloria L. Elam ◽  
Stephen R. Locher ◽  
Doreen Norris-Stojak ◽  
Hayfaa Aldasoqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Chain Reaction Test

Abstract Objective The Chicago area is known to harbor some of the deepest racial and ethnic socioeconomic inequalities in the United States. We studied the prevalence and neighborhood distribution of patients who tested positive for COVID-19 after implementation of universal screening at an academic hospital providing obstetrical services to an underserved Chicago population. Study Design From April 16 to June 16, 2020, a total of 369 patients were screened for COVID-19 at University of Illinois at Chicago with either the Abbott Point-of-Care (POC, n = 266) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR, n = 101). Patient residential data mapped using ESRI ArcGIS Pro was integrated in ESRI's Living Atlas with the Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Index (NSEI). Results Precisely, 7.9% (29/369) of screened patients tested positive; 69% (17/29) with the POC test and 31% (12/29) by RT-PCR. The prevalence of an outpatient RT-PCR positive result was 8.9% (9/101). All but one of the 29 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive patients were either Hispanic or Black, and the majority resided in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusion The disproportionate hit of COVID-19 pandemic on the Hispanic and Black communities reflects in SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates in the obstetrical population. Our report provides data that may be useful to policy makers when prioritizing resources to communities in need.

scholarly journals The genotyping of Infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan by a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shr-Wei Huang ◽  
Chia-Fang Ho ◽  
Kun-Wei Chan ◽  
Min-Chung Cheng ◽  
Jui-Hung Shien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amplification Refractory Mutation System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Multiplex Amplification ◽  
Mutation System ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; Avian coronavirus) causes acute respiratory and reproductive and urogenital diseases in chickens. Following sequence alignment of IBV strains, a combination of selective primer sets was designed to individually amplify the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains using a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ARMS RT-PCR) approach. This system was shown to discriminate the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains. Moreover, an ARMS real-time RT-PCR (ARMS qRT-PCR) was combined with a high-resolution analysis (HRMA) to establish a melt curve analysis program. The specificity of the ARMS RT-PCR and the ARMS qRT-PCR was verified using unrelated avian viruses. Different melting temperatures and distinct normalized and shifted melting curve patterns for the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were detected. The new assays were used on samples of lung and trachea as well as virus from allantoic fluid and cell culture. In addition to being able to detect the presence of IBV vaccine and wild-type strains by ARMS RT-PCR, the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were distinguished using ARMS qRT-PCR by their melting temperatures and by HRMA. These approaches have acceptable sensitivities and specificities and therefore should be able to serve as options when carrying out differential diagnosis of IBV in Taiwan and China.

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