Utilization and Protection of Water Resources in China: 1978–2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850022
Author(s):  
Jun XIA ◽  
Qiting ZUO
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
New Era ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Water Resources Utilization

Since the reform and opening up, China has undergone fundamental economic and social changes, along with which the concepts, researches, and practices related to the utilization and protection of water resources have also changed dramatically. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically summarize China’s 40-year history of water use and protection, and look to the future demand in the new era. By consulting the literature, the authors have sorted out the process of water resources utilization and protection in China between 1978 and 2018, and divided it into development-focused stage (1978–1999), comprehensive utilization stage (2000–2012) and protection-focused stage (2013 to present). Based on the development demand in the new era, the authors believe that the protection-focused stage will continue for a period of time (till 2025 or so), and a smart water use stage will emerge in the years to come. The authors have also proposed the priorities and directions for future research on water resources utilization and protection in the construction of the Belt and Road, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Zone, the coordinated development of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the construction of the Xiong’ an New Area, and the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy.

Study on Efficiency of Rainfall and Flood Water Resources Utilization in Coastal Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 409-410 ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Qin Chen ◽  
Xian Feng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Resources Utilization

Due to the rich resources of urban rainwater and transit flood in coastal areas, rational utilization of rainfall and flood water resources can improve the sustainable utilization, to better serve the coastal development. In this paper, the available quantity of water rainfall and flood water resources in coastal are distributed to domestic water, industrial water, agricultural water and ecologic environmental water. Water price method is used to calculate domestic water efficiency. Energy synthesis is used to calculate the industrial and agricultural water-use efficiency. Ecologic environmental water-use efficiency-sharing coefficient method is used to calculate the ecologic environmental water-use efficiency. Finally, taking Lianyungang City, a Jiangsu coastal city as an example to analyze the rainfall and flood water resources utilization efficiency. The results provide reference to the research for Chinas plain area rainfall and flood water resources efficiency analysis.

On the Making of U.S. China Policy, 1961–9: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 220-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
China Policy ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
History Of ◽  
John Foster Dulles ◽  
To Come

When the history of Sino-American relations since 1949 is written in years to come, it will very likely lump together much of the two decades from the Korean War to the Kissinger-Chou meeting as a period of drearily sustained deadlock. Korean hostilities will be blended rather easily into Indochina hostilities, John Foster Dulles into Dean Rusk. The words and deeds of American East Asian intervention, of the containment and isolation of China, will seem an unbroken continuity. And at the end, under most improbable auspices but for commonsense balance-of-power reasons, will come the Zen-like Nixon stroke that cut the Gordian knot and opened a new era.

scholarly journals Children of the reform and opening-up: China’s new generation and new era of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunling Li
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
New Era ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Generational Identity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract China’s new generation, born during the 1980s and 1990s, is a social cohort that has grown up in the era of reform and opening-up. They are simultaneously influenced by and play a critical role in a series of significant historical events in the aftermath of the reform and opening-up. The life course of this generation is intertwined with significant social changes, such as fast economic growth, the one-child policy, education expansion, the rise of the Internet, marketization, industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. These changes greatly affect their living circumstances and opportunities, shaping the generational characteristics while widening the intergenerational gap between them and the previous generations. At the same time, however, China’s new generation is unable to break the constraints of the social structure. The shared generational identity fails to eliminate the socioeconomic disparities within the generation. In contrast, marketization has strengthened the Chinese class structure through intergenerational transmission. In China’s new era of development, promoting equal opportunities and narrowing socioeconomic inequality among the new generation now proves to be a new challenge.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE IN ARID REGIONS, USING THE EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT AND MODERN ISRAEL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Широкова ◽  
О.А. Александровская ◽  
Э.А. Лихачёва
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Water System ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
History Of

Статья посвящена проблемам водных ресурсов и водопользованию в аридных районах на примере древнего и современного Израиля. При анализе истории водопользования обращается внимание и на рельеф и морфоструктуру территорий, определяющих месторасположение водоисточников и место развития древних городов. Большинство источников воды расположены вдоль зон линеаментов. Рассмотрены водные системы, приуроченные к Иорданской впадине, и, в частности, водные системы конца ханаанских времён (XIV–XIII вв. до н.э.) и начала древнего Израильского царства; эллинский период в истории создания водных систем; система водопользования в древнем Иерусалиме; искусственные водные системы конца старой эры (I в. до н.э.). Выдающиеся достижения инженерной и строительной практики древних израильтян в области водопользования опираются на их хорошее знание местных условий (в первую очередь особенности геологического строения) и умение при остром дефиците пресных вод собирать и сохранять её до следующих зимних дождей, бережно расходуя её в течение года. Опыт древних инженеров и поныне может служить достойным примером продуктивных отношений человека и природы. The article is devoted to problems of water resources and water use in arid regions at the example of ancient and modern Israel. When analyzing the history of water management also drew attention to the relief and morphological structure, defining the location of water sources and development of ancient cities. Most water sources are located along zones of lineament. Discussed the water system, dedicated to the Jordan basin, and in particular, the water system of the late Canaanite era (XIV–XIII centuries BC) and the beginning of the ancient Kingdom of Israel; the Hellenistic period in the history of the water systems; the system of water in ancient Jerusalem; artificial water system of the end of the old era (I century BC). Outstanding achievements of engineering and construction practices of the ancient Israelites in the area of water management based on their good knowledge of local conditions (primarily the features of the geological structure) and ability in acute shortage of fresh water to collect and keep it until the next winter rains, carefully spending it during the year. Experience ancient engineers today can serve as a worthy example of the productive relationship between man and nature.

scholarly journals Utilization Characteristics and Sustainability Evaluation of Water Resources in China

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxin Sun ◽  
Xiang Yu ◽  
Qishan Xiao ◽  
Jianfeng Song ◽  
Shikun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
River Pollution ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Water ◽  
Water Resources Utilization

Water is an important factor of production contributing to all sectors and regions in the world. With the rapid development of the economy and the increase of population, the water crisis is becoming more and more serious, and will become an important obstacle to the sustainable development of society. It is particularly important to evaluate the sustainability of water resources utilization. Based on the analysis of the regional water resources utilization characteristics, this paper takes 31 provinces in mainland China as the research object and comprehensively evaluates the regional water resources’ sustainability from the aspects of hydrology, environment, economy and technology. The results show: From the regional perspective, the regionalization of China’s various indexes is obvious, the hydrological and environmental indexes in western regions are significantly higher than that in eastern regions; while the economic index in eastern regions is higher than that in western regions. From the time perspective, from 2010 to 2015, the sustainable development of water resources in seven provinces showed an increasing trend. Zhejiang changed from “Good” to “Excellent” and Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Xinjiang all had slight growth. There are six provinces which show varying degrees of decline, of which Liaoning changes from “Excellent” to “Medium”, Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, Guangdong, Hainan also had a slight decline; the rest of the provinces did not change, Qinghai and Chongqing have been maintained as “Excellent”. Taken together, the western regions of China have significant advantages in terms of quantity and quality of water resources, but its water use efficiency is low. However, the economic development in the eastern regions is rapid with high efficiency of water use, but there are some serious problems such as water resources insufficiency and river pollution.

The Influence of Non-mainstream Culture on the Aesthetic Judgment of Fashion Trends

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Fan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Fashion Designers ◽  
Mainstream Culture ◽  
Looking Back

By looking back into the history of fashion, if any fashion element went even one step beyond the traditional standards, it would be considered as betrayal. All betrayals would be undoubtedly resisted by mainstream culture (aristocracy culture). After the recent half century, postmodern fashion designers have been evoking people to question and debate about the traditional aesthetic standards of fashion. It is the moment of fierce shocks between mainstream and non-mainstream culture, and traditional and modern aesthetics. The inspiring spark broke through all fetters and would bring about the aesthetic judgment of non-mainstream culture into the saintly palace of high fashion. The consciousness of the non-mainstream culture of postmodernism will continue to create newer items and turn fashion culture into a new era. It is important for future research on aesthetics to directly look to impacts on human aesthetics in fashion, and furthermore, in attitudes towards values or life.

scholarly journals Optimization of Planting Structure for Irrigation Area with Biannual Cropping Patterns in Xinjiang Oasis in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Zhenhua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
P 75 ◽  
Water Resources Utilization

Light and heat resources are ample in Xinjiang plain oasis region. Planting structure is single in irrigation area, which leads to severe seasonal water shortages due to high concentration of water utilization. Therefore, how to make full use of light and heat resources to develop oasis agriculture without expanding planting scale has become the focus of research. The biannual cropping patterns are possible solutions to the problem. Manas River Irrigation area, which is located on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang in China is regarded as a typical case study to analyze the suitable planting structure and planting scale for biannual cropping pattern. The effects of optimizing planting patterns on alleviating the contradiction between water supply and water need，and the efficiency of water resources utilization was also studied. The results of the study show that：(1) the suitable planting scales of Manas River irrigation area in wet year (P = 25%), normal year (P = 50%), and low flow year (P = 75%) are about 72.66%, 78.73% and 83.91% of the current planting scale. (2) After the planting structure was optimized, the water use process in the irrigation area extends from May to August at present to April to November. The water use ratio at the peak period of water use decreased from 0.847 to 0.601, and the water use peak was significantly dispersed. (3) Economic benefits per cubic metre of water of the biannual cropping patterns increased from 8.65 yuan·m−3 at present to 9.45 yuan·m−3, 10.31 yuan·m−3 and 11.43 yuan·m−3 in wet year (P = 25%), in normal year (P = 50%) and low flow year (P = 75%) respectively, which proved that replanting crops could improve the efficiency of water resources utilization in irrigated areas. Therefore, the optimal planting pattern can be implemented to improve the utilization efficiency of soil and water resources in irrigation area in the arid oasis with single planting pattern with excessive concentration of water use peak and serious water shortage.

Cinematic Search for Identity in the Shade of Turkey’s 1960 Coup: The Social Realism Debate and The Hope

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
Celal Hayir ◽  
Ayman Kole
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
New Era ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Turkish Cinema ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
Realism Debate

When the Turkish army seized power on May 27th, 1960, a new democratic constitution was carried into effect. The positive atmosphere created by the 1961 constitution quickly showed its effects on political balances in the parliament and it became difficult for one single party to come into power, which strengthened the multi-party-system. The freedom initiative created by 1961’s constitution had a direct effect on the rise of public opposition. Filmmakers, who generally steered clear from the discussion of social problems and conflicts until 1960, started to produce movies questioning conflicts in political, social and cultural life for the first time and discussions about the “Social Realism” movement in the ensuing films arose in cinematic circles in Turkey. At the same time, the “regional managers” emerged, and movies in line with demands of this system started to be produced. The Hope (Umut), produced by Yılmaz Güney in 1970, rang in a new era in Turkish cinema, because it differed from other movies previously made in its cinematic language, expression, and use of actors and settings. The aim of this study is to mention the reality discussions in Turkish cinema and outline the political facts which initiated this expression leading up to the film Umut (The Hope, directed by Yılmaz Güney), which has been accepted as the most distinctive social realist movie in Turkey. 

We Have Tasted the Powers of the Age to Come: Thinking the Force of the Event—from Dynamis to Puissance

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Clément Mercier
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Interpretative Model

Responding to the provocative phrase ‘The Age of Grammatology’, I propose to question the notion of ‘age’, and to interrogate the powers or forces, the dynameis or dynasties attached to the interpretative model of historical periodisation. How may we think the undeniable actuality of the event beyond the sempiternal history of ages, and beyond the traditional, onto-teleological chain of power, possibility, force or dynamis that undergirds such history?

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