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1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. NP-NP ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Sequence ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
International History ◽  
General Index ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Treaty Status ◽  
Extensive Reference

The Svalbard archipelago and its principal island, Spitsbergen, respectively about the size of Scotland and Switzerland, have a wealth in variety and complexity in stratigraphy and structure no less than those classic areas. Moreover, with an international history and present treaty status many nations have participated in research, and the geological literature currently comprising far more than 3000 publications is widely scattered and rapidly increasing. There are indeed excellent published geological outlines, but no comprehensive work.This work presents the detailed geology of Svalbard. It arises from about 50 years of research in many aspects of Svalbard geology by the author with many colleagues and collaborato~ It is arranged systematically as a definitive study reflecting the present conjuncture of research. It thus meets the needs of specialists with convenient information on related fields or of any geoscientist surveying some aspect of global geology for an indication of what is known about this key region.This work is planned as an integrated synthesi~ Part I is introductory, setting the stage. Chapter 3 in particular outlines the main geological features and the principal geological conventions used throughout. Part 2 divides Svalbard into eight regions/sectors and each chapter describes these with minimal interpretation. The rock successions are listed from the top down as observed, and the structures are outlined and to some extent illustrated. Part 3, in forward time sequence, interprets historical events and environments. Part 4 comprises a summary of the economic aspects of Svaibard geology and three alphabetical lists as reference aids namely place names, stratigraphic names and general index. There is also an extensive reference list, which will be a significant bibliographic resource for researchers of Svalbard geology.

scholarly journals The Role of Belt and Road Initiative in Global Governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ethical Norms

China's BRI provides a major impetus for promoting global governance transformation: The BRI heightens awareness of the need to establish a community of shared destiny for humanity and advances the development of epistemology in global governance. It provides more sustainable global public goods, thus raising the bar for global governance's ethical norms. The BRI blends top-down and bottom-up methods to global governance to promote voluntary action. The BRI builds on China's own experience combining reform, development, and stability, thus balancing the security, ecological, social, and economic aspects of global governance and fostering shared growth among nations and areas along the routes. I will identify by using an analytical review that Is the BRI a significant instrument for seeking after the energetic global authority of China? It inferred that generally, the BRI had been a successful tool in China's long quest for global governance leadership, yet extra efforts are required to handle risks and challenges.

Public sector benchmarking: a survey of scientific articles, 1990—2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okke Braadbaart ◽  
Benni Yusnandarshah
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Managed Competition ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Extensive Reference ◽  
Do So

This article assesses the past 15 years' evolution of Public Sector Benchmarking (PSB) research. We do so with a database of 147 peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2005. Over this period PSB evolved into a mature and strongly international field of research. A theoretical and conceptual rift runs through the literature, with those advocating PSB as a tool for managed competition on one side, and those promoting benchmarking as a voluntary and collaborative learning process on the other. A first challenge facing future PSB researchers is that of closing the gap between the managed and voluntary benchmarking perspectives; a second challenge concerns empirical tests that capture the effects of different benchmarking regimes on the performance of public sector providers. Points for practitioners Benchmarking is widely advocated as a tool for enhancing the performance of public sector providers. This article reviews the academic literature on benchmarking. This literature suggests that public sector benchmarking can fulfill its promise if only policy-makers pay sufficient attention to benchmarking design, particularly the development of appropriate accounting systems and the balancing of collaborative and competitive elements. Dos and don'ts for PSB innovators are discussed in the concluding section. An extensive reference list is appended to the article.

Hawkmoths of Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Moulds ◽  
James Tuttle ◽  
David Lane
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Comprehensive Index ◽  
New Information ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extensive Reference

Hawkmoths are large charismatic insects with highly variable and colourful larvae. Some species are specialised in their habitat preferences, but others are widespread and often encountered in gardens. However, little is known about most species, and associating the adults with their larvae has previously been difficult or impossible. Hawkmoths of Australia allows identification of all of the Australian hawkmoths for the first time and treats species found on mainland Australia, Tasmania and all offshore islands within Australian limits. It presents previously undescribed life histories of nearly all species and provides a comprehensive account of hawkmoth biology, including new parasitoids and their hawkmoth hosts. Detailed drawings and photographs show the external and internal morphology of adults and immatures, and eggs, larval instars and pupa. Keys are provided for last instar larvae and pupae of the 71 species that the authors have reared. The book is concluded by a glossary, appendices to parasitoids and larval foodplants, an extensive reference list with bibliographical notes and a comprehensive index. The wealth of new information in this book makes it an essential reference for anyone interested in these moths. Hawkmoths of Australia is Volume 13 of the Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Series.

The Development of Air-Photo Interpretation in Canada

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Parry
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Photo Interpretation ◽  
Source Document ◽  
Air Photo ◽  
Extensive Reference

Aerial photography has come of age in Canada and is now widely used for both cartographic and interpretive purposes. In this historical review, the development of air-photo interpretation in Canada is traced from the earliest times to the present day. The major milestones are identified, and an attempt is made to show the pattern of development and the trends in photo-interpretation work in Canada since the first air photos were obtained in 1883. Separate sections are devoted to air-photo interpretation in forestry, agriculture and crop inventory, engineering, physiography and terrain analysis, wildlife, and social studies. An extensive reference list, which will serve as a base-line reference for current researchers and a source document for future reviewers, is an integral part of the review.

Dynamic Scanning Electron Microscopy of Small Particles

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
W. Krakow ◽  
W. C. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Polystyrene Spheres ◽  
Field Distributions ◽  
Dynamic Scanning ◽  
Scanning Electron

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be run at television scanning rates and used with a video tape recorder to observe dynamic specimen changes. With a conventional tungsten source, a low noise TV image is obtained with a field of view sufficient to cover the area of the specimen to be recorded. Contrast and resolution considerations have been elucidated and many changing specimens have been studied at TV rates.To extend the work on measuring the magnitude of charge and field distributions of small particles in the SEM, we have investigated their motion and electrostatic interaction at TV rates. Fig. 1 shows a time sequence of polystyrene spheres on a conducting grating surface inclined to the microscope axis. In (la) there are four particles present in the field of view, while in (lb) a fifth particle has moved into view.

Children’s Recall of Approximations to English

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Carrow ◽  
Michael Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Index ◽  
General Linguistic

As a general index of language development, the recall of first through fourth order approximations to English was examined in four, five, six, and seven year olds and adults. Data suggested that recall improved with age, and increases in approximation to English were accompanied by increases in recall for six and seven year olds and adults. Recall improved for four and five year olds through the third order but declined at the fourth. The latter finding was attributed to deficits in semantic structures and memory processes in four and five year olds. The former finding was interpreted as an index of the development of general linguistic processes.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

Functional Anatomy of Intensity Aspects of Attention

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Sturm
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Phasic Alertness ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Attention System

Abstract: Behavioral and PET/fMRI-data are presented to delineate the functional networks subserving alertness, sustained attention, and vigilance as different aspects of attention intensity. The data suggest that a mostly right-hemisphere frontal, parietal, thalamic, and brainstem network plays an important role in the regulation of attention intensity, irrespective of stimulus modality. Under conditions of phasic alertness there is less right frontal activation reflecting a diminished need for top-down regulation with phasic extrinsic stimulation. Furthermore, a high overlap between the functional networks for alerting and spatial orienting of attention is demonstrated. These findings support the hypothesis of a co-activation of the posterior attention system involved in spatial orienting by the anterior alerting network. Possible implications of these findings for the therapy of neglect are proposed.

Auswirkungen eines Aufmerksamkeitstrainings auf die aphasische Symptomatik bei Schlaganfallpatienten

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Graf ◽  
Hartwig Kulke ◽  
Christa Sous-Kulke ◽  
Wilfried Schupp ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Top Down

Aufmerksamkeit kann als Kontrollsystem neuronaler Aktivität verstanden werden, welches Neuroplastizität top-down modulieren hilft. Bisher wurde selten versucht, durch deren gezielte Förderung Funktionswiederherstellungen nach Hirnschädigung zu begünstigen. In vorliegender Studie wurde dies am Beispiel der Aphasie erprobt. 15 Schlaganfallpatienten erhielten ein dreiwöchiges Training der selektiven Aufmerksamkeit mit den PC-Programmen CogniPlus und „Konzentration“ bei fünf Sitzungen pro Woche zusätzlich zur Standardtherapie, 13 weitere bildeten eine Kontrollgruppe ohne Aufmerksamkeitstraining. Zur Effektivitätskontrolle dienten zwei Versionen des Untertests Go/Nogo (Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung) und die Kurze Aphasieprüfung. Nach dem Training manifestierte sich zwischen den Untersuchungsgruppen kein Unterschied in Aufmerksamkeits- und Sprachfunktionen; das zusätzliche Aufmerksamkeitstraining war also wirkungslos. Allerdings zeigten Patienten mit deutlichen Aufmerksamkeitsverbesserungen tendenziell weniger Aphasie-Symptome, was die Hypothese aufmerksamkeitsvermittelter Plastizitätsmodulation nach Hirnschädigung partiell stützt.

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