Nutritional Interventions and the Gut Microbiome in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabh Mehta ◽  
Samantha L. Huey ◽  
Daniel McDonald ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Julia L. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In Infants And Children

The gut microbiome plays an integral role in health and disease, and diet is a major driver of its composition, diversity, and functional capacity. Given the dynamic development of the gut microbiome in infants and children, it is critical to address two major questions: ( a) Can diet modify the composition, diversity, or function of the gut microbiome, and ( b) will such modification affect functional/clinical outcomes including immune function, cognitive development, and overall health? We synthesize the evidence on the effect of nutritional interventions on the gut microbiome in infants and children across 26 studies. Findings indicate the need to study older children, assess the whole intestinal tract, and harmonize methods and interpretation of findings, which are critical for informing meaningful clinical and public health practice. These findings are relevant for precision health, may help identify windows of opportunity for intervention, and may inform the design and delivery of such interventions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Yu ◽  
Gulistan Agirman ◽  
Elaine Y. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbial Effects

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in infants and children

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. E292-E296
Author(s):  
Tone Lise Åvitsland ◽  
Lars Aabakken
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Biliary Stricture ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Procedure Codes ◽  
In Infants And Children

Abstract Background and study aims Previous reports have suggested that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in pediatric patients are safe. However, the total number of cases presented in the literature remains small. We present results regarding safety and outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing ERCP at Oslo University Hospital. Patients and methods Patients < 18 years who underwent ERCP between April 1999 and November 2017 were identified using procedure codes. Medical records were examined for age, gender, diagnosis, indications, type of sedation, findings, interventions, and complications. Results A total of 244 procedures were performed in 158 patients. Fifty-six of these were in 53 infants (age ≤ 1 year). Mean age was 8.8 years. The youngest patient was 8 days old. Mean weight was 5.0 kg in infants, the smallest weighing 2.9 kg. Cannulation failed in 19 (7.8 %). The main indication in infants was suspicion of biliary atresia (n = 38). Six of the procedures (10.7 %) were therapeutic. In children the main indications were biliary stricture (n = 64) and investigation of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (n = 45). 119 (63.2 %) of these procedures were therapeutic.Complications were uncommon in infants; only two episodes of infection were registered. In children (> 1 year) post-ERCP pancreatitis were seen in 10.4 %. Conclusions Our retrospective series of ERCP procedures includes 56 procedures in infants, which is one of the largest series presented. Complications in infants are rare and post-ERCP pancreatitis was not seen. In older children 10.4 % experienced post-ERCP pancreatitis. In expert hands, ERCP was shown to be acceptably feasible and safe in infants and children.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in the Gut: From Invertebrates to Mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Kirsch ◽  
Robert S. Brzozowski ◽  
Dominick Faith ◽  
June L. Round ◽  
Patrick R. Secor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Polymicrobial Communities ◽  
Diverse Interactions

Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages) interact antagonistically and beneficially in polymicrobial communities such as the guts of animals. These interactions are multifaceted and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss phage-bacteria interactions as they relate to the complex environment of the gut. Within the mammalian and invertebrate guts, phages and bacteria engage in diverse interactions including genetic coexistence through lysogeny, and phages directly modulate microbiota composition and the immune system with consequences that are becoming recognized as potential drivers of health and disease. With greater depth of understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in the gut and the outcomes, future phage therapies become possible. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Glycans in Immunologic Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Y. Zhou ◽  
Brian A. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Immunological Recognition ◽  
Immunologic Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Living Organisms

The surfaces of all living organisms and most secreted proteins share a common feature: They are glycosylated. As the outermost-facing molecules, glycans participate in nearly all immunological processes, including driving host-pathogen interactions, immunological recognition and activation, and differentiation between self and nonself through a complex array of pathways and mechanisms. These fundamental immunologic roles are further cast into sharp relief in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancer disease states in which immune regulation goes awry. Here, we review the broad impact of glycans on the immune system and discuss the changes and clinical opportunities associated with the onset of immunologic disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

CONTACT-TYPE DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: INDUCTION OF RHUS SENSITIVITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
William L. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Position ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Contact Sensitization ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
In Infants And Children

The frequency of contact sensitization to a Rhus allergen, pentadecyl catechol, was determined in 102 infants and children 1 month to 8 years of age. Children between 3 and 8 years were readily sensitized and showed a depth of sensitivity and intensity of reaction comparable to that seen in adults. Infants below the age of 1 year had a markedly depressed ability to react to Rhus allergens. Children between 1 and 3 years old assumed an intermediate position, being more reactive than infants, but less so than older children. Theoretically these observations suggest that the mechanism of delayed hypersensitivity matures more slowly than other processes of immunity and resistance. Clinically the findings mean that lack of exposure is a more important factor than lack of susceptibility in explaining the diminished incidence of clinical Rhus sensitivity in children below the age of 8 years.

Growth and Division of the Peptidoglycan Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia D.A. Rohs ◽  
Thomas G. Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Peptidoglycan Cell Wall ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Peptidoglycan Layer

Most bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that defines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. The expansion and division of this structure therefore plays an integral role in bacterial growth and division. Additionally, the biogenesis of the peptidoglycan layer is the target of many of our most effective antibiotics. Thus, a better understanding of how the cell wall is built will enable the development of new therapies to combat the rise of drug-resistant bacterial infections. This review covers recent advances in defining the mechanisms involved in assembling the peptidoglycan layer with an emphasis on discoveries related to the function and regulation of the cell elongation and division machineries in the model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Biomarkers of pain in infants and children

2021 ◽  
pp. 412-421
Author(s):  
Naama Rotem-Kohavi ◽  
Susanne Brummelte ◽  
Kenneth D. Craig ◽  
Tim F. Oberlander
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Motor Disabilities ◽  
Reflecting Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In Infants And Children

Biomarkers are commonly used in clinical care and research as indicators of diseases and physiological states. Preferably, a biomarker should be readily accessible, low in cost, easy to interpret, highly specific, and sensitive to health and disease. Owing to the complexity of the pain system, no unidimensional reliable biomarker for pain has been identified that meets all of these criteria to date. In children, neurologically dependent developmental changes, maturation of physiological stress reactivity systems, and life experience add additional layers of complexity to the use of biomarkers of pain. Nevertheless, readily available and reliable biomarkers reflecting function of the pain system would greatly enhance timely and appropriate understanding and treatment of pain, especially in infants and children with communication, cognitive, and motor disabilities. This chapter examines currently available pain-related biomarkers, their use, and limitations.

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