Emotion and Politics: Noncognitive Psychological Biases in Public Opinion

2022 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Webster ◽  
Bethany Albertson
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Contemporary politics is noteworthy for its emotional character. Emotions shape and, in turn, are elicited by partisan polarization, public opinion, and political attitudes. In this article, we outline recent work in the field of emotion and politics with an emphasis on the relationship between emotion and polarization, issue attitudes, information processing, and views on democratic governance. We also highlight a growing body of scholarship that examines the racial and gender differences in emotion's ability to affect political behavior. We conclude with a discussion of unaddressed questions and suggestions for future directions for scholars working in this area of growing importance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Policyscape and the Challenges of Contemporary Politics to Policy Maintenance

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mettler
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Political Capacity ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Deferred Maintenance

Contemporary political life takes place amid a “policyscape,” a landscape densely laden with policies created in the past that have themselves become established institutions, bearing consequences for governing operations, the policy agenda, and political behavior. Far from being static, policies often develop over time in ways that could not have been foreseen by their creators, due to dynamics they themselves generate, including design effects, unintended consequences, and lateral effects. Owing to such dynamics, existing policies require upkeep and maintenance if they are to continue to function well. The extent to which lawmakers engage effectively in such work varies, however, depending on the fit between the demands of the policyscape and the attributes of the historical political context. Bipartisan reform efforts occurred in many policy areas as recently as the early 1990s. More recently, partisan polarization and other developments have undermined such political capacity, leaving numerous policies untended for long periods and in many instances, even formal reauthorization long overdue. A cursory overview of policies associated with Americans’ top 20 policy priorities reveals that more than half are subject to deferred maintenance. The mismatch between the demands of the policyscape and the character of contemporary politics imperils effective democratic governance.

Social Epidemiology: Past, Present, and Future

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana V. Diez Roux
Keyword(s):  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Social Causes

In a context where epidemiologic research has been heavily influenced by a biomedical and individualistic approach, the naming of “social epidemiology” allowed explicit emphasis on the social production of disease as a powerful explanatory paradigm and as critically important for interventions to improve population health. This review briefly highlights key substantive areas of focus in social epidemiology over the past 30 years, reflects on major advances and insights, and identifies challenges and possible future directions. Future opportunities for social epidemiology include grounding research in theoretically based and systemic conceptual models of the fundamental social drivers of health; implementing a scientifically rigorous yet realistic approach to drawing conclusions about social causes; using complementary methods to generate valid explanations and identify effective actions; leveraging the power of harmonization, replication, and big data; extending interdisciplinarity and diversity; advancing emerging critical approaches to understanding the health impacts of systemic racism and its policy implications; going global; and embracing a broad approach to generating socially useful research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 43 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Constructed Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
New Directions ◽  
University Classrooms ◽  
The Relationship

Constructed languages, also known as conlangs, are languages that have been purposefully created for either real-world or fictional speakers. Within this article, I provide a summary of the language creation process and how the community of conlangers, people who make languages, come to know each other's work, as well as how language creation assignments are being adopted within university classrooms. I also explore the role of the language creator in bringing a community of speakers into existence through the invention of a language. I discuss whether speakers of a constructed language are part of a community of practice or a speech community and the implications for this distinction within anthropology. I also describe conscripts, or constructed orthographies, as well as the relationship between endangered languages and constructed languages, how invented worlds can create real-world shifts in worldview, and suggestions for new directions in research linking anthropology and constructed languages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio C. Ulloa ◽  
Lisa H. Jaycox ◽  
Grant N. Marshall ◽  
Rebecca L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Dating Violence ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Latino Youth ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personal Variables ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between personal characteristics (gender, acculturation, belief in gender stereotypes, recent dating experiences), and attitudes and knowledge about dating violence in urban Latino youth (N= 678). All participants completed self-administered surveys at school. Relative to girls, boys held more problematic (proviolence) attitudes about dating violence and reported less knowledge about dating violence and its consequences. Teens who were more traditional (less acculturated), those who endorsed gender stereotypes, and those who reported recent fearful dating experiences tended to report less knowledge about abuse and lower endorsement of nonviolent attitudes. Multivariate analyses revealed that all four personal variables predicted dating violence knowledge. By contrast, attitudes were predicted by endorsement of gender stereotypes only, or gender stereotypes and gender. Implications for dating violence interventions and future directions for research are explored.

scholarly journals Virology in the Classroom: Current Approaches and Challenges to Undergraduate- and Graduate-Level Virology Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kushner ◽  
Andrew Pekosz
Keyword(s):  
Student Success ◽  
Graduate Education ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Creativity And Innovation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Logic Reasoning ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

The pervasive effects of the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic are but one reason for educators to refocus their efforts on virology teaching. Additionally, it is critical to understand how viruses function and to elucidate the relationship between virus and host. An understanding of current virology education may improve pedagogical approaches for educating our students and trainees. Faculty who teach undergraduate microbiology indicate that approximately 10% of the course content features viruses; stand-alone virology courses are infrequently offered to undergraduates. Fortunately, virology taught to undergraduates includes foundational material; several approaches for delivery of lecture- and lab-based content exist. At the graduate education level, there is growing appreciation that an emphasis on logic, reasoning, inference, and statistics must be reintroduced into the curriculum to create a generation of scientists who have a greater capacity for creativity and innovation. Educators also need to remove barriers to student success, at all levels of education. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
LaFleur Stephens-Dougan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
American Elections ◽  
Racial Cues

This article reviews the literature on the persistence of racial cues and appeals in American elections. I focus on three central themes: racial priming, the influence of the Obama presidential campaigns on racial cues, and racial appeals in the context of a diversifying United States. I identify linkages across these domains while also suggesting avenues for future research. I argue that in the context of a diversifying United States, scholars should develop more measures that capture attitudes that are specific to groups other than African Americans. The nation's growing racial and ethnic diversity is also an opportunity to develop and test more theories that explain the political behavior of racial and ethnic minorities beyond the traditional black–white divide. Finally, since much of the research on racial cues focuses on whites’ racial animus, I suggest that scholars spend more time exploring how racial cues influence the behavior of whites with positive racial attitudes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Shear Pleasure: The Structure, Formation, and Thermodynamics of Crystallographic Shear Phases

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Voskanyan ◽  
Alexandra Navrotsky
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Defect Formation ◽  
Shear Plane ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Extended Defect ◽  
Shear Structures ◽  
Crystallographic Shear ◽  
Exciting Area

A renaissance of interest in crystallographic shear structures and our recent work in this remarkable class of materials inspired this review. We first summarize the geometrical aspects of shear plane formation and possible transformations in ReO3, rutile, and perovskite-based structures. Then we provide a mechanistic overview of crystallographic shear formation, plane ordering, and propagation. Next we describe the energetics of planar defect formation and interaction, equilibria between point and extended defect structures, and thermodynamic stability of shear compounds. Finally, we emphasize the remaining challenges and propose future directions in this exciting area. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Glenny ◽  
Michael F. Coleman ◽  
Erin D. Giles ◽  
Elizabeth A. Wellberg ◽  
Stephen D. Hursting
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Cancer Model ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporating these models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to ( a) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; ( b) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and ( c) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Molecular Basis for Life in Extreme Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomi Ando ◽  
Blanca Barquera ◽  
Douglas H. Bartlett ◽  
Eric Boyd ◽  
Audrey A. Burnim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Environmental Genomics ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Diversity Of Life

Sampling and genomic efforts over the past decade have revealed an enormous quantity and diversity of life in Earth's extreme environments. This new knowledge of life on Earth poses the challenge of understanding its molecular basis in such inhospitable conditions, given that such conditions lead to loss of structural changes and of function in biomolecules from mesophiles. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of extreme environments. We present the state of recent progress in extreme environmental genomics. We then present an overview of our current understanding of the biomolecular adaptation to extreme conditions. As our current and future understanding of biomolecular structure–function relationships in extremophiles requires methodologies adapted to extremes of pressure, temperature, and chemical composition, advances in instrumentation for probing biophysical properties under extreme conditions are presented. Finally, we briefly discuss possible future directions in extreme biophysics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Personality Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent W. Roberts ◽  
Hee J. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Over Time

Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review of Psychology since 2001. In this article, we seek to provide an update as well as a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: ( a) describing what personality is—i.e., what the units of analysis in the field are; ( b) documenting how it develops; ( c) explaining the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and ( d) providing a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and conclude by highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document