Production Diseases Reduce the Efficiency of Dairy Production: A Review of the Results, Methods, and Approaches Regarding the Economics of Mastitis

Mastitis is the most important production disease in dairy farming, leading to considerable inefficiency in production. In 1992, an important paper describing a simple but very useful economic framework for production diseases in animal farming was published. In a systemic literature search, 77 articles were found on the economics of mastitis. Throughout the years, little progress has been made to improve the economic framework regarding production diseases in animal farming, but methodological progress was made in the biological aspect of bioeconomic models. Research focused on the failure costs of mastitis and cost-benefit analyses of cow-level decisions (treatments). The average failure costs of mastitis were $US131 per cow per year. Future economic research should focus more on the utilization of currentlyavailable large databases. The economic framework should be extended toward mastitis as an externality of dairy production (welfare), the externalities of optimal use of chemical and pharmaceutical compounds (antimicrobials), and explaining farmers’ decisions regarding mastitis.

Download Full-text

The effectiveness of “Biotrof 2+” bio-preservative in Northwest Russia

Кормопроизводство ◽

10.25685/krm.2020.70.64.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Д.А. Ахматчин ◽

С.Н. Биконя ◽

В.В. Солдатова ◽

Г.Ю. Лаптев

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Forage Production ◽

Animal Farming ◽

Indirect Impact ◽

Protein Feeding ◽

Silage Production ◽

Livestock Productivity ◽

Made In

История сельского хозяйства включает в себя многолетний опыт применения биологических консервантов для силосования. Однако, учитывая различную эффективность препаратов, предлагаемых на рынке, а также инфляцию научного слова в угоду маркетинговым стратегиям, сложно найти действительно качественный и эффективный консервант. Кормовой потенциал, который заключается в питательности силоса и его гигиеническом статусе во многом определяет эффективность животноводческих хозяйств. Поэтому важно учитывать как можно больше факторов в цепочке производства кормов, влияющих на продуктивность и здоровье животных, особенно тех факторов, которые поддаются корректировке. Различную эффективность микробиологических препаратов можно отнести к подобным детерминантам. В статье дана оценка консервирующим способностям препаратов, которая выражена в степени подкисления и сохранении кормовой ценности. Полученные данные дают возможность установить опосредованную роль биологических консервантов в молочной продуктивности коров. Эксперименты проводили в 2019 году на базе СПК «Кобраловский» Ленинградской области. В траншеи закладывался силос из многолетних трав (смесь злаковых и бобовых культур). Во время закладки провяленная зелёная масса тщательно трамбовалась, после завершения трамбовки закрывалась плёнкой. Препараты вносились, исходя из рекомендаций производителей консервантов, с помощью насосно-дозирующего комплекса уборочного комбайна. Консерванты были представлены в сухой и жидкой форме. Через 30–35 дней, после окончания ферментации силоса, отбирали образцы готового корма для оценки биохимических показателей (питательности, содержания органических кислот). Готовый корм, заготовленный с биоконсервантом «Биотроф 2+», содержал сырого протеина на 24,3% больше, чем корм, заготовленный с английским препаратом, и на 31,6% больше по сравнению с препаратом шведского производства. Наблюдалось увеличение среднесуточного удоя молока 4% жирности у коров, которым скармливали силос, заготовленный с закваской «Биотроф 2+», на 5,1% в сравнении с группой коров, которым скармливали силос, заготовленный с английской закваской, и на 8,4% — с шведским консервантом. Bio-preservatives are widely used in agriculture for silage production. A large variety of preparations makes it difficult to select an effective preservative of high quality. Silage nutritional value and quality directly affect animal farming. Therefore, the more factors of forage production are considered the higher livestock productivity and health level. This article reports on preservative efficacy determined by acid composition and nutritional value. The obtained data demonstrated an indirect impact of bio-preservatives on milk productivity. The investigation took place at the SPK “Kobralovskiy” in the Leningrad region in 2019. Silage was composed of gramineous and legumes. Wilted green mass was thoroughly rammed and covered subsequently. Preparations were applied by a dosing complex of a harvesting machine according to manufacturer instructions. Liquid and dried preparations were used. Silage samples were tested 30–35 days post fermentation. Silage prepared by “Biotrof 2+” exceeded two foreign preservatives by 24.3 and 31.6% in crude protein. Feeding cows with “Biotrof 2+” silage increased the average daily yield of 4% milk by 5.1 and 8.4% compared to the preservatives made in England and Sweden, respectively.

Download Full-text

Integration-Valuation Nexus in Invasive Species Policy

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/s1068280500010017 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jason F. Shogren ◽

David Finnoff ◽

Chris McIntosh ◽

Chad Settle

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Nonmarket Valuation ◽

Feedback Loops ◽

Economic Research ◽

Policy Integration ◽

Research Areas ◽

Invasive Biology ◽

Invasive Species Policy ◽

Environmental Damages ◽

Bioeconomic Models

This paper reviews recent work examining two topics of economic research vital for invasive species policy—integration and valuation. Integration requires bioeconomic models that blend invasive biology with economic circumstances and the feedback loops between the two systems. Valuation requires nonmarket valuation associated with human and environmental damages posed by invasive species. We argue for a second-level of integration in invasive species economics—valuation based on integration models. Policy prescriptions based on integration models need valuation work; valuation surveys need integration models—the two are complements. Valuation could be enhanced with integration in mind; integration could be made better with valuation in mind. An example from blending the two research areas is presented and its merits demonstrated.

Download Full-text

ANALISIS USAHA DAN PEMASARAN GULA SEMUT DI DESA HARGOTIRTO, KECAMATAN KOKAP, KABUPATEN KOKAP

SEPA Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis ◽

10.20961/sepa.v16i1.22470 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Mega Nugraheni Apriza Putri ◽

Raden Kunto Adi ◽

Isti Khomah

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Marketing Channel ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Brown Colour ◽

Business Analysis ◽

Marketing Efficiency ◽

The Cost ◽

Benefit Cost ◽

Descriptive Method ◽

Made In

Gula semut adalah produk inovatif dari pengolahan nira kelapa dalam bentuk bubuk atau butiran bewarna kuning sampai cokelat. Sebanyak 433.820 kg produksi gula semut dibuat di Desa Hargotirto. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendapatan usaha, pola saluran pemasaran, biaya, keuntungan, marjin pemasaran, dan efisiensi pemasaran secara ekonomi masing-masing saluran pemasaran di Desa Hargotirto. Metode dasar yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analisis. Metode penentuan lokasi secara purposive di Desa Hargotirto, Kecamatan Kokap, Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Metode pengambilan responden secara random dengan teknik undian sejumlah 93 responden. Pengambilan responden saluran pemasaran dengan snowball sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam menghitung analisis usaha dan pemasaran untuk mengetahui biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan usaha, biaya pemasaran, keuntungan pemasaran, dan marjin pemasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata penerimaan sebesar Rp51.366,22, biaya total sebesar Rp25.401,16, danrata-rata pendapatan sebesar Rp25.959,05. Terdapat tiga pola saluran pemasaran di Desa Hargotirto. Total biaya pemasaran masing-masing saluran pemasaran yaitu Rp5.845,30, Rp5.374,72, dan Rp3.407,73. Total keuntungan pemasaran masing-masing saluran pemasaran yaitu Rp7.640,39, Rp7.343,56, dan sebesar Rp9.960,95. Total marjin pemasaran pada masing-masing saluran yaitu Rp6.636,36, Rp5.000,00, dan Rp4.849,91. Nilai farmer’s share untuk masing-masing saluran pemasaran yaitu 72,35%, 77,99%, dan 78,20%. Crystal coconut sugar is an innovative product from processing coconut palm in the powder or granular form that have a yellow to brown colour. A total of 433,820 kg of crystal coconut sugar made in Hargotirto Village. The aim of this research is to analyse the cost, revenue, income, marketing cost, benefit cost, marginal marketing, and marketing efficiency economically in Hargotiro Village. The method applied is the descriptive method. The sample area is chosen on purposive sampling. The sample of producent is taken by random and take 93 sample. The method of take snowball sampling marketing channel respondents. The data analysis used is the cost analysis, revenue, income, marketing cost, benefit cost, and marginal marketing. The result of the research business analysis shows that are total rate revenue of crystal coconut sugar Rp51,360.22. That are three pattern of marketing channel of crystal coconut sugarin Hargotirto Village. Total benefit for each marketing channel is Rp7,640.39, Rp7,343.56, and Rp9,960.95. Total Marginal marketing for each marketing channel is Rp6.636,36, Rp5.000,00, and Rp4.840,91. Farmer’s share for each marketing channel is 72,35%, 77,99%, and 78,20%.

Download Full-text

Optimising waiting: a view from the English National Health Service

Health Economics Policy and Law ◽

10.1017/s1744133109990302 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 397-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anthony J. Harrison ◽

John Appleby

Keyword(s):

Social Cost ◽

Waiting Times ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Simple Criterion ◽

Relevant Evidence ◽

Management Measures ◽

Elective Treatment ◽

English National Health ◽

Made In

AbstractRecent authors have proposed that waiting times for elective treatment should be reduced to the point where the costs of doing so exceed the benefits. This paper considers how this criterion could be put into effect. Taking benefits first it argues that these could be estimated in three different ways – social cost benefit, clinical and user valuation – that would not necessarily produce consistent results and hence a choice has to be made between them. It then considers the costs of reducing waits and argues, citing relevant evidence, that these may range widely according to whether or not reductions can be achieved through simple management measures or whether more long-term capacity is required. It concludes therefore that the apparently simple criterion proposed for defining the point where waiting times are optimal is hard to establish. Choice of criterion must be made in the light of the overall values that a given health care system is intended to promote.

Download Full-text

The generation of internal waves by vibrating elliptic cylinders. Part 1. Inviscid solution

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s0022112097007027 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 351 ◽

pp. 105-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

D. G. HURLEY

Keyword(s):

Gravity Waves ◽

Elliptic Cylinder ◽

Major Axis ◽

Internal Gravity Waves ◽

Angular Frequency ◽

Important Paper ◽

Fourier Decomposition ◽

Boussinesq Fluid ◽

Made In ◽

Phase Differences

We consider the internal gravity waves that are produced in an inviscid Boussinesq fluid, whose Brunt–Väisälä frequency N is constant, by the small rectilinear vibrations of a horizontal elliptic cylinder whose major axis is inclined at an arbitrary angle to the horizontal. When the angular frequency ω is greater than N, no waves are produced and the governing elliptic equation is solved using conformal transformations. Analytic continuation in ω to values less than N, when waves are produced, is then used to determine the solution. It exhibits the surprising feature that, apart from certain phase differences, the form of the velocity distributions in each of the beams of waves that occur is the same for all values of the thickness ratio of the ellipse, the inclination of its major axis to the horizontal and the plane in which the vibrations are occurring. The Fourier decomposition of the velocity distribution is found and is used in a sequel, Part 2, to investigate the effects of viscous dissipation.In an important paper Makarov et al. (1990) have given an approximate solution for a vibrating circular cylinder in a viscous fluid. We show that the limit of this solution as the viscosity tends to zero is not the exact inviscid solution discussed herein. Further comparison of their work and ours will be made in Part 2.

Download Full-text

Estimating Incident Impacts in Real Time

10.31224/osf.io/9a6kb ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Noah J. Goodall

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Web Site ◽

Smart Phone ◽

First Responders ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Secondary Crashes ◽

Support Cost ◽

Smart Phone Application ◽

Made In

During an incident, responders may need to balance the intensity of their response approach against potential congestion delays. Often, these decisions must be made in real time using available data. As one example, a responder may decide to push a crashed truck to the shoulder and risk damaging the cargo. Based on discussions with first responders, this study identified data needs to support cost-benefit decisions made by on-scene incident managers. Procedures for estimating the impacts associated with an ongoing incident are described, considering capacity reductions, queuing, economic losses from congestion, and risks of secondary crashes. These procedures could be encoded in a spreadsheet for dispatch use or as a web site or smart phone application for use at the incident scene.

Download Full-text

Analytical models of decision-making theory in digital transport logistics

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2061 (1) ◽

pp. 012129

Author(s):

A Terentyev ◽

M Karelina ◽

E Karelina

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Analytical Models ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Large Set ◽

Mathematical Methods ◽

Large Databases ◽

Information And Communication ◽

High Level ◽

High Degree ◽

Made In

Abstract The active introduction of information and communication (digital) technologies into the modern reality of transport systems operation requires the development of modeling methods for the creation of software that allows to do the following: determine the formal efficiency of decisions made in digital transport systems (DTS); process large volumes of DTS data; perform analysis of DTS functioning environment using artificial intelligence algorithms, analytical analogues of neural networks, etc. A digital transport system, being a complex system, is determined by a large set of formalized indicators (database) and requires finding effective solutions for a sufficiently large number of criteria or signs of effectiveness. Obtaining reliable solutions in multi-criteria information situations causes difficulties, which are objective. In most cases modern mathematical models artificially reduce multi-criteria information situations to single-criteria categories. This approach, based on the use of integral criteria, has a fundamental disadvantage - the use of integral criteria to obtain estimates of the efficiency of actions or processes in complex systems is characterized by a high level of subjectivism. In this case, the obtained solution may be acceptable, but not an objective result. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mathematical models for solving multi-criteria problems applicable to the solution of problems in complex transport systems, allowing one to operate in the environment of large databases for operational reconfiguration of a management system in conditions of uncertainty and/or possible counteraction of the external environment. The article presents the results of development of mathematical methods of modeling, which allow us to construct algorithms for solving optimization tasks, formulated as multi-criteria models and in the presence of a high degree of uncertainty in the interaction of the system with the environment.

Download Full-text

61 The impact of selective phenotyping and genotyping over generations in beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.068 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 37-39

Author(s):

Andrea Plotzki Reis ◽

Rodrigo Fagundes da Costa ◽

Fabyano Fonseca e Silva ◽

Fernando Flores Cardoso ◽

Matthew L Spangler

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Prediction Accuracy ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Single Step ◽

Breeding Values ◽

Additional Information ◽

Economic Framework ◽

Estimated Breeding Values ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate selective phenotyping to maintain adequate prediction accuracy. A simulation was conducted, with 10 replicates, using QMSim to mimic the structure and size of a Braford population. A population with 50 generations, 500 animals per generation, was created with phenotyping and genotyping beginning in generation 11. The scenarios investigated were: 1) Randomly phenotype and genotype 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of individuals each generation and; 2) Randomly phenotype and genotype 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of individuals in every-other generation. Estimated breeding values (EBV) were obtained using single-step GBLUP and accuracy was determined as the correlation between true BV from simulation and those estimated from the blupf90 family of programs. For scenarios where phenotyping and genotyping occurred every generation, EBV accuracies in generation 11 and 50 ranged from 0.32 to 0.32, 0.42 to 0.43, 0.49 to 0.51, 0.53 to 0.56 and 0.57 to 0.59 when 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of animals were chosen, respectively. The highest accuracies were 0.40 and 0.50 in generation 38 for scenarios 10 and 25%; 0.56, 0.61 and 0.64 in generation 40 for scenarios 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. When animals were selected every-other generation, EBV accuracy in generation 11 and 50 ranged from 0.24 to 0.26, 0.36 to 0.36, 0.43 to 0.42, 0.48 to 0.44 and 0.53 to 0.48 for 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of selected animals, respectively. The highest accuracies were in generation 23 for scenario 10% (0.31), in generation 37 for scenarios 25 (0.43), 50 (0.50) and 75% (0.55) and in generation 39 for 100% (0.59). Although increasing the density of phenotyped and genotyped animals increased prediction accuracy, some gains were marginal. These differences in accuracy must be contemplated in an economic framework to determine the cost-benefit of additional information.

Download Full-text

Identification of the training, advisory and research requirements of milk producers in the South West of England

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200011170 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 ◽

pp. 206-206

Author(s):

K. Clemens ◽

J. K. Margerison

Keyword(s):

Animal Welfare ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Economic Pressure ◽

The South ◽

South West ◽

Farm Efficiency ◽

Production Diseases ◽

The Uk ◽

Made In

In the UK increasing economic pressure on milk producers has highlighted the need to identify key areas to optimise farm efficiency and profitability. The areas of dairy herd production diseases are a major concern and improvements made in reducing the incidence of disease will improve animal welfare and reduce costs (Kossaibati, M. A. and Esslemont, R. J., 1997)Therefore the aim this research was to identify the training, advisory and research requirements of milk producers in the SW of England.

Download Full-text

Mercurius en de Muzen

Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen ◽

10.1075/ttwia.28.03ren ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 18-33

Author(s):

Jan Renkema

Keyword(s):

Liberal Arts ◽

Main Part ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Business Communication ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Text Linguistics ◽

Business Setting ◽

Liberal Arts Students ◽

Made In

In this article some comments are made on research into business communication as a new vogue in applied linguistics (instead of as enrichment in text linguistics). Critical remarks are also made, in terms of cost-benefit analysis, about the difficulties that liberal arts students have in finding a job within a business setting. The main part of this article is devoted to the writing and rewriting of instruction texts, with an example of the instruction for use of a steam iron. The rewriting techniques for clarifying this text are reduced to the suitability principle and maxims like the maxim of motivation and the maxim of disambiguity. Within this theoretical framework the (re)writing of business texts can be more than an activity for the Muses and will be of benefit to Mercury in enhancing the effectivity of instruction manuals and other texts.

Download Full-text