Congenital Viral Infection: Traversing the Uterine-Placental Interface

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenore Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Viruses

Why certain viruses cross the physical barrier of the human placenta but others do not is incompletely understood. Over the past 20 years, we have gained deeper knowledge of intrauterine infection and routes of viral transmission. This review focuses on human viruses that replicate in the placenta, infect the fetus, and cause birth defects, including rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and hepatitis E virus type 1. Detailed discussions include ( a) the architecture of the uterine-placental interface, ( b) studies of placental explants ex vivo that provide insights into the infection and spread of CMV and ZIKV to the fetal compartment and how these viruses undermine early development, and ( c) novel treatments and vaccines that limit viral replication and have the potential to reduce dissemination, vertical transmission and the occurrence of congenital disease.

scholarly journals 68Ga-radiolabeling of hepatitis E virus-like nanoparticles and evaluation of their ex vivo biodistribution in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 96-97 ◽  
pp. S106-S107
Author(s):  
Elisavet Lambidis ◽  
Chun Chieh Chen ◽  
Mo Baikoghli ◽  
Surachet Imlimthan ◽  
Mirkka Sarparanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Ex Vivo Biodistribution

Parvovirus infection in children and pregnant women

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
E.V. Mikhailova ◽  
◽  
T.K. Chudakova ◽  
D.Yu. Levin ◽  
A.V. Romanovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Minute Virus Of Mice ◽  
Gestation Age ◽  
B19 Parvovirus ◽  
Minute Virus

Parvovirus (PV) is a widespread infection, despite the fact that this pathogen was discovered only recently. The therapeutic effect of PV, in particular its oncolytic activity, is being actively studied now. Notably, PVs causing infections in animals, such as rat PV H-1, caninae PV, and rodent protoparvovirus (minute virus of mice) suppress oncogenesis in these animals. There is an ex vivo evidence of rat glioblastoma and gliosarcoma sensitivity to PV. The affinity of PV B19 to P-antigen located primarily on the membranes of erythroid cells is crucial for the disease pathogenesis. The teratogenic effect of PV B19 is associated with its ability to infect placental cells (P-antigen is present on the cells of chorionic villi and surface of the trophoblast). PV infection can be acquired or congenital, typical or atypical. The outcome of intrauterine infection with PV B19 largely depends on the gestation age when the infection occurred. Women infected during the second trimester are at higher risk of vertical transmission and severe intrauterine pathology with a poor outcome than those infected during the third trimester. Constant contact with young children significantly increases the risk of PV B19 infection among pregnant women with no immunity to this virus. Serum is the most convenient biomaterial for detecting both PV DNA and virus-specific antibodies. One test for anti-PV IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is sufficient to determine the immune status of a patient. Polymerase chain reaction with amniotic fluid is used to diagnose intrauterine infection with PV B19. Blood components and products should be checked for PV B19. High frequency of PV B19 detection in the blood of donors necessitates the development of special measures aimed at prevention of virus transmission. Key words: pregnant women, children, parvovirus B19, parvovirus infection

scholarly journals Age-specific antibody to hepatitis E virus has remained constant during the past 20 years in Japan

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tanaka ◽  
A. Matsumoto ◽  
N. Takeda ◽  
T.-C. Li ◽  
T. Umemura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The Past

Select Viruses in Adults

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Randall C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

The following types of viral infections are discussed in this chapter: viral infections that have the capacity for multiorgan or systemic disease; infections that affect adults who may be otherwise healthy or at least not in special populations such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, human parvovirus B19, and coxsackievirus. Reviews of these viruses focus on differentiating clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment, and salient microbiologic and epidemiologic factors.

scholarly journals The Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathlyn Laval ◽  
Lynn W. Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acute Neuropathy ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Neuropathic Itch ◽  
Simplex Virus

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. The main objective of this review is to provide state-of-the-art information on the mechanisms governing PRV-induced neuropathic itch in non-natural hosts. We highlight similarities and key differences in the pathogenesis of PRV infections between non-natural hosts and pigs that might explain their distinctive clinical outcomes. Current knowledge on the neurobiology and possible explanations for the unstoppable itch experienced by PRV-infected animals is also reviewed. We summarize recent findings concerning PRV-induced neuroinflammatory responses in mice and address the relevance of this animal model to study other alphaherpesvirus-induced neuropathies, such as those observed for VZV infection.

Hepatitis E Virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Krain ◽  
Kenrad E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maternal Illness ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mother To Child

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses serious risks to pregnant women and their developing fetuses, including increased risk of pregnancy loss, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and early infant death. Supportive care is currently the standard treatment for pregnant women with HEV infection, but in some cases, ribavirin treatment or early delivery may be indicated. Infants born with acute HEV infection face increased risk of complications and death. Intensive monitoring and support may be required in the neonatal period, particularly for preterm infants. Infants who survive the early neonatal period are likely to recover fully and clear the virus. Immunoassays and molecular methods for diagnosis of HEV have improved markedly over the past decade. New HEV vaccines may provide an opportunity to prevent both maternal illness and mother-to-child transmission (vertical transmission) (MTCT).

scholarly journals Detection of Hepatitis E Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin A in Patients Infected with Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 or 3

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Herremans ◽  
E. Duizer ◽  
E. Jusic ◽  
M. P. G. Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Route Of Transmission

ABSTRACT Currently, diagnosis of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) in patients is primarily based on anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection. However, several investigations suggest the use of HEV-specific IgA for diagnosing acute HEV infections. We evaluated two commercially available assays, an IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Diacheck) and an adapted immunoblot protocol (Mikrogen) for IgA detection and compared the performance in genotype 1- and 3-infected patients. The specificity of the IgA assays was high, with no positive reactions in a control group of 18 acute hepatitis patients who were negative for HEV. The sensitivity calculated in nine PCR-positive type 1-infected patients was 100% in both assays but was clearly lower in genotype 3-infected patients (n = 14), with sensitivities of only 67% and 57% for the ELISA and immunoblot assay, respectively. The lower IgA responses detected in genotype 3-infected patients could be caused by the use of only the genotype 1 and 2 antigens in the serological assays. Interestingly in two patients with possible infection through blood transfusion no response or intermediate IgA responses were detected, and this might confirm the parenteral route of transmission. In both the type 1- and type 3-infected patients both the IgA and IgM responses disappeared simultaneously. We conclude that IgA detection is of limited value for the serodiagnosis of acute HEV cases, particularly with genotype 3.

scholarly journals Declining hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence in Phnom Penh, Cambodia during 1996–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nouhin ◽  
Y. Madec ◽  
S. Prak ◽  
M. Ork ◽  
A. Kerleguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Gender

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in Cambodia. However, little relevant data were available and there is no clue if HEV is an emerging or decreasing pathogen in that setting. The aim of our study was to describe temporal trends of anti-HEV IgG and IgM prevalences during the last two decades (1996–2017) in the context of population growth and urbanisation in Cambodia. A total of 2004 human plasma samples collected between 1996 and 2017 were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM using the commercial Wantai anti-HEV assays. Overall, the prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and IgM were 41.1% and 2.7%, respectively. Analysis by calendar period showed a decreasing trend of anti-HEV IgG prevalence over the last 21 years. After age- and gender-standardisation, the anti-HEV IgG prevalence rates decreased from 61.3% during the 1996–2000 period to 32.3% during the 2016–2017 period, but no trends were observed for anti-HEV IgM rates, which fluctuated around the overall one. In conclusion, our results suggest that HEV is not an emerging pathogen, but rather seems to circulate less in Cambodia, in particular, in Phnom Penh, since the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG has been significantly decreased during the past two decades.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of two new complete genomes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 from Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 8657-8668
Author(s):  
Tipsuda Chanmanee ◽  
Pravech Ajawatanawong ◽  
Suda Louisirirotchanakul ◽  
Watcharasak Chotiyaputta ◽  
Siwaporn Chainuvati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Acute Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Genome Study ◽  
Siriraj Hospital

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute viral hepatitis globally. Evolutionary phylogeny classifies the HEV into eight genotypes that correlate with the viral transmission. Only four genotypes have been proven to be responsible for transmission in humans. However, there has been no report on the genomics and genotyping of HEV in Thailand during the past ten years. Here, we identified the genotype distributions of the Thai isolates of HEV and we sequenced two HEV genomes. We screened for 18 Thai isolates of HEV from Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, from 2014–2016. The HEV genomes were sequenced from the serum and feces of a patient. The results showed that all Thai isolates of HEV were identified as genotype 3 (HEV-3). The ORF2 and genome phylogenies suggested two subgenotypes, called 3.1 and 3.2. The Thai isolates of HEV were frequently found in the subgenotype 3.1. The genome sequences of the two Thai isolates of HEV from the serum and fecal samples of the same patient showed 91% nucleotide similarity with the HEV genotype 3. Comparisons between the HEV genome and the ORF2 phylogenies illustrated that the ORF2 tree can be used to identify HEV genotypes, but it has less phylogenetic power for the HEV evolution. The two new genome sequences of HEV-3 from Thailand could contribute valuable information to the HEV genome study. (226 words)

scholarly journals AB0941 NEURALGIC AMYOTROPHY AND HEPATITIS E INFECTION: REPORT OF 6 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1769.1-1770
Author(s):  
R. Garofoli ◽  
P. Seror ◽  
J. Zauderer ◽  
C. Nguyen ◽  
F. Rannou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Neuralgic Amyotrophy ◽  
Anterior Interosseous Nerve ◽  
Phrenic Nerves ◽  
Mri Characteristics ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Background:Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) or Parsonage and Turner syndrome is triggered at least in 25% by a viral infection: parvovirus B19, CMV, HSV, etc... Recently, few cases of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) related NA were reported. This particular association remains little known and is overlooked by most physicians. Besides, clinical, electrodiagnostic (EDX) and MRI characteristics, as well as evolution of HEV-related NA have not been fully described yet.Objectives:To describe 6 cases of HEV-related NA and to perform a review of the literature.Methods:We describe longitudinally clinical examination, electrodiagnostic (EDX), biological and MRI results of 6 cases of HEV-associated NA, diagnosed in our center.Results:The 6 cases were aged between 33 and 57 years old (mean 44.5), sex ratio was 5M/1F. All patients had positive IgM anti-HEV (serology) and a cervical MRI that could not explain clinical presentation. Overall, the 6 patients totalize 26 mononeuropathies (range 1 to 8 per patient), 5/6 patients had a severe presentation of NA, with bilateral and asymmetric symptoms (3 cases). HEV-related NA involved classical nerves such as supra-scapular (6 cases, twice bilaterally) and long thoracic nerves (5 cases), some less classical nerves like anterior interosseous nerve (3 cases, twice bilaterally), and some very unusual ones such as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (1 case) and the sensory fibers of median nerve (1 case). NA also involved accessory spinal (2 cases, once bilaterally) and phrenic nerves (1 case bilaterally), both originating from cervical plexus. The EDX pattern of these nerve lesions consisted of unique or multiple extensive asymmetric inflammatory mononeuropathies with severe axonal loss and numerous denervation signs damage involving mostly the supra-scapular. On scapular MRI (available for 5/6 patients), amyotrophy in at least one muscle was observed in all patients. Out of 26 nerves involved, after 12 months all had well recovered (above 3/5 MRC scale).Conclusion:HEV should be systematically screened when NA is suspected, whatever the severity, if the onset is less than 3 or 4 months (before IgMs anti-HEV disappear). HEV-related NA appears to be frequently associated with a severe pattern, without modifying the recovery usually observed.Disclosure of Interests:Romain Garofoli: None declared, Paul Seror: None declared, Jennifer Zauderer: None declared, Christelle Nguyen: None declared, François Rannou Grant/research support from: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Genévrier, Fondation Arthritis, Consultant of: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Genévrier, Speakers bureau: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Jean-Luc Drapé: None declared, Alexandra Roren: None declared, Marie-Martine Lefevre Colau: None declared

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